The Global Compendium of Practices was prepared by the UN-Habitat City Resilience Global Program (CRGP) and UNCDF with the support of the UN Regional Economic Commissions (UNECE, UNECA, UNESCWA, UNESCAP and UNECLAC) as part of the joint UN project on Building urban resilience during and after COVID-19. ¹ The framework can be found at: www.unsdg.un.org/resources/un-framework-immediate-socio-economic-response-covid-19.
Business Environment
Labour Market Conditions
Financial Environment
Economic Governance
Dimensions of Resilience-Building for Urban Economies
However, building resilience as part of a recovery and rebuilding strategy in the midst of a crisis, such as the current COVD-19 pandemic, versus building resilience in anticipation of potential shocks has different and peculiar characteristics that somewhat of emphasis. However, the two categories are not mutually exclusive and can be combined according to the institutional arrangements and development needs of particular local governments.
Guiding Principles
This is a central feature of the UN 2030 Agenda and must include serious efforts to identify groups that may be at risk of being harmed or excluded from recovery and reconstruction efforts. Every decision taken and initiated as part of the recovery and reconstruction efforts must pass the test of sustainability by assessing the impact on the environment and marginalized and vulnerable groups in accordance with the 2030 Agenda and other global frameworks such as the Paris Climate Agreement, which aims to promote sustainable development in all its forms.
4 R’s of Urban Finance for Recovery
Methodology and Process
The design of the questionnaire is based on the conceptual framework on urban economic resilience discussed in the previous section. In each case study, he also highlights specific practices that worked best in the city.
Overview of Survey Results
Local government more important Central government more important Private stakeholders more important All partners contribute equally. Relative contributions of local government, central government and private sector in the management (eg planning, reallocation and mobilization) of relevant resources management (eg planning, reallocation and mobilization) of relevant resources.
Labour markets
Indicative city-level response and recovery measures according to dimensions of urban economic resilience
Business environment
Financial environment
Economic governance
Local government business continuity, adequate fiscal space
City Case Studies
- African Region
Sectors hardest hit by the effects of COVID-19 include manufacturing, travel/hospitality and transportation. COVID-19 has significantly affected the financial environment, including reductions in GDP growth across Africa, declines in economic activity and reduced revenues for local governments.
General Note on City Case Studies
Although the cumulative per capita case numbers in Africa are lower than those in other regions (Africa accounts for 3.4% of global COVID-19 cases and 2.6% of global COVID-19 deaths), the economic and social impact of the pandemic felt throughout. the continent. The impact was worst in the informal sector, which accounts for around 85% of all workers in Africa.
Pre-existing Challenges
Accra, Ghana
Brief description of COVID-19 in the city
Main economic and financial impacts
Case Study: Accra, Ghana
As of August 2020
At the national level, first quarter GDP shrank by 1.7% compared to the same period in 2019 due to the impact of the pandemic. No changes have been observed so far in the discretionary powers of the city government.
Crisis Response and Recovery Measures
During the lockdown period, the City Authority received support from various institutions and private organisations. The core of the city's crisis management strategy was to limit the impact of COVID-19 on the informal economy and the vulnerable residents in the Metropolis.
Mid- To Long-Term Recovery
The most prominent response at the city level was the formation of the Public Health Emergency Response Committee to seek budget support from the private sector to fund the city's health response. It was also noted that, in some cases, the activities of some private sector stakeholders, who organized themselves without coordinating with the city's response, duplicated relief efforts and responses.
Supporting recovery of informal sector
The local government also focused on its Disaster Management Unit in collaboration with NADMO to coordinate the access and supply of relief items to the vulnerable population. For the local government, the key challenge was resource constraints to fully fund the crisis management responses.
Central Bank of Ghana
Before COVID-19, there was a cholera outbreak in the city in 2014, with 12 cases and 1 death reported at the time. In rural areas of the city, pockets of lightning strikes are common; however, cases are rarely reported in formal health systems and are instead seen as a community and cultural issue.
Arua City, Uganda
While the city did not record any deaths during this period, the number of confirmed cases in the district as of 26 July 2020 70. Labor mobility has been affected due to travel restrictions both within and across borders, which had a drastic impact as the city thrives on border trade with the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and South Sudan.
Case Study: Arua City, Uganda
Gender-based violence increased due to the idle workforce and incarceration during the shutdown. Business income was drastically reduced due to shutdown measures; however, taxation was not abandoned despite a lack of sales.
As of January 2021
During this period, there has been an increase in the number of industries producing products related to the response to COVID-19, such as disinfectants and face masks. The contribution of different sectors to the management (eg planning, reallocation and mobilization) of relevant resources during the COVID-19 crisis.
Aid from West Nile sub-region
Business recovery is supported through (1) linking small and medium enterprises to financing opportunities and (2) business development support for SMEs in Arua. Support activities for city service delivery include (1) support to improve revenue collection, particularly through automation. 2) support cities with PPE for schools, health centers, central and branch offices, etc.; (3) business continuity support through automation of systems and provision of ICT infrastructure with associated technical capacity building support; and (4) support for updating the City's Local Economic and Business Recovery Strategy.
Climate change has exposed the country and the city to natural disasters with adverse effects on food security, health and water and sanitation, among others. Labor markets have been adversely affected by the lockdown as most employment in the city is within the informal economy.
Case Study: Harare, Zimbabwe
The Council has established a COVID-19 task force and a rapid response team for COVID-19 comprising staff from across departments. While the city has no existing crisis management plan, a local-level COVID-19 task force and rapid response team were established following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Community engagement together with Oxfam
The project seeks to meet the immediate and long-term needs of approximately 20,000 people in Glen View and Budiriro by protecting livelihoods, promoting sanitation and building resilience to future shocks. Work has already begun on the rehabilitation of 2 informal markets in the densely populated suburbs of Glen View and Budiriro of Harare, including the installation of foot-operated hand-washing facilities to minimize the risk of transmission of COVID-19.
Hargeisa, Somaliland
Initially, few cases were confirmed, as only 11 tests were performed due to a lack of diagnostic kits. Somaliland is suffering from the effects of the COVID-19 outbreak, both in terms of health and financial stress due to reduced economic activity.
Case Study: Hargeisa, Somaliland
Disruptions in international supply chains, restrictions in other countries and the local collapse affected various sectors of the national economy. Somaliland has for many years been the most stable area of the wider Somali region, with food security and humanitarian concerns focused further south.
As January 2021
The city also received 1 million Somali shillings from the Ministry of Finance as part of the government's support package for local governments. The city has come up with an updated hand washing station that can be activated by pressing your foot instead of your hands.
Yaoundé, Cameroon
According to the National Institute of Statistics, around 15% of the employed population lost their jobs in the COVID-19 crisis, while 23.4% of workers faced work suspension. Unemployment increased due to the reduction of personnel to a minimum in various structures and adjustment of work schedules.
Case Study: Yaoundé, Cameroon
A survey by the National Institute of Statistics on the impact of COVID-19 noted a 74% reduction in activity. The Monitoring Committee for Emergency Preparedness for a More Resilient City was created in December 2019 by the Yaoundé City Council, with the collaboration of the Association of Francophone Mayors (AIMF) and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Reallocating local funds to fight COVID-19
A medium- to long-term action agenda for dealing with COVID-19 and other pandemics is currently being developed within the framework of the Monitoring Committee on Emergency Preparedness for a More Resilient City with the support of the Association Internationale des Maires Francophone (AIMF) and in collaboration with others stakeholders involved (national government, civil society organizations, the private sector, etc.). As budget preparation is currently underway, it is expected that more resources will be allocated to support the activities of the Committee for Combating the COVID-19 Pandemic.
48Arab Region
Arab Region
The Arab region is one of the most urbanized regions in the world with numerous development challenges. In addition, youth unemployment in the Arab region is the highest in the world, and COVID-19 is worsening the situation.
Alexandria, Egypt
However, according to the updated forecasts from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) from 14 April 2020, GDP growth is expected to fall to 2%. The crisis negatively affected the city's revenue with the complete closure of public beaches, cafeterias and parking lots, as well as the lower revenue from toll stations due to reduced travel movement.
Case Study: Alexandria, Egypt
The local government has been working actively since the announcement of the first COVID-19 case in Egypt in February 2020. The Crisis Management Committee is responsible for handling the COVID-19 crisis, and for planning and monitoring all activities related to response and relief the negative impact of the spread of the virus.
Mid- to Long-Term Recovery
This required continuous monitoring and coordination with all entities responsible for these services (electricity, water and wastewater, gas) to maintain a high level of quality and avoid any disruptions. Streamlining the flow of food supplies, medicines, fuel and essential petrochemicals during curfews and lockdowns to avoid bottlenecks that could affect the supply chains of these critical items.
Interventions by the City Chamber of Commerce
ABA support to affected sectors
Demonstrations that took place in the city of Beirut continued until January 2020 and led to the closure of businesses, public institutions and roads, which only subsided after the election of a new government and lockdown measures due to COVID-19.
Beirut, Lebanon
The COVID-19 crisis comes on the heels of the severe economic and political crises that have hit Lebanon in late 2019. The situation is so serious that it is likely to lead to a new social explosion, especially in the poorest areas of the country.
Case Study: Beirut, Lebanon
The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic began in Lebanon in February 2020, as travel and transport from/to East Asia and Southern Europe were restricted. The outbreak comes as Lebanon faces multiple crises, including an ongoing financial crisis (which had already increased the country's poverty rate) and the COVID-19 pandemic, both of which have been further exacerbated by the outbreak.
As of October 2020
The Ministry of Social Affairs estimates that the impact of COVID-19 on top of the economic crisis will lead to a drop in GDP to -15%, an increase in poverty to over 50%, and an increase in unemployment to over 50%. The Central Bank of Lebanon issued several regulations to ease the financial burden of banks, employers and employees from March to May 2020 as a result of the disruption of activity due to COVID-19.
Contributions of civil society organisations
These include interventions related to COVID-19 such as renovating isolation centers and improving water and sanitation conditions, as well as incorporating livelihood components in addition to local skills development. These include calling on municipalities and local volunteers to adequately implement the COVID-19 directives set by the Ministry of Interior and Municipalities and the Ministry of Public Health, and ensure that precautionary measures are adopted and well respected by the community at all levels. .
UN-Habitat Lebanon Unions of Municipalities' COVID-19 Rapid
While activities to respond to COVID-19 and support municipalities are underway, it is clear that there is an urgent need for coordinated, systematic and effective approaches to be taken by various stakeholders, aid agencies, sub-national and local governments to ensure maximum vulnerable municipalities and communities receive the support they need. Slower global growth caused by COVID-19 is expected to be absorbed by fiscal and financial buffers at the expense of sustainable development.
Kuwait City, Kuwait
The government announced a grand reopening plan consisting of five phases/phases, with each phase/phase lasting 3 weeks and varying according to the assessment by the Ministry of Health. Kuwait has a relatively open economy dominated by the government sector and the state oil industry which accounts for more than 50% of GDP.
Case Study: Kuwait City, Kuwait
Overall, the Kuwaiti government has responded relatively quickly to address the crisis, scoring relatively high in Oxford University's "Government Response Stringency Index" compared to the rest of the region. In addition to the municipality, the private sector and civil society organizations have all made their capacity available and made their capacity available to the government during this crisis.
Contributions of civil society
In support of the guidelines of the Central Government and the Ministry of Health, the municipality implemented a strict health safety policy inside the commercial stores. The government had launched on March 31, 2020 the High Steering Committee for Economic Stimulation chaired by the Governor of the Central Bank of Kuwait, with the aim of drafting a stimulus plan for the domestic economy.
Economic recovery response by local government
Asia and the Pacific Region
Some countries have started to take advantage of the COVID-19 pandemic to achieve their green indicators (China) and invest in green technologies (Malaysia). The following case studies from the UNESCAP region were extracted or summarized from the responses of the selected cities to the questionnaire on local economic and financial response and recovery to COVID-19.
Hoi An, Vietnam
This leads to the flooding of the old town in Hoi An as well as landslides by the sea during monsoon seasons, resulting in structural damage to the ancient town. Furthermore, many heritage buildings and structures in Hoi An have deteriorated over the years due to inadequate conservation measures.
Case Study: Hoi An, Vietnam
As of December 2020
The city's total budget revenue in 2020 decreased compared to the same period in 2019, reaching only 45% of its 2020 projection. Job hunting also became difficult, and many faced challenges in paying taxes on time, impacting the city's tax revenue.
Local budget reallocation
Implementation of local projects
Apart from that, the city experiences annual flooding episodes from the Mutha River, and is prone to flash floods during extreme rainfall events. Possibilities of disease outbreak existed even before COVID-19 crises, with Pune having one of the highest recorded rates of Swine Flu.
Pune, India
Among the challenges facing the city are a high percentage of the population (more than 40%) living in slums and informal settlements with inadequate access to basic services, high and increasing population density and subsequent increase in demand for housing and inadequate mobility and public transport.
Case Study: Pune, India
A small advisory committee was formed within the PMC with the Municipal Commissioner, Additional Municipal Commissioners and Heads of Departments. No new projects will be undertaken this year, as public funds will be prioritized for public health, medical supplies, hospitals for COVID care and an isolation center.
SVANidhi: Supporting street vendors
Changes in municipal taxes
Subang Jaya is a city in Selangor, Malaysia and is located 20 km from the city center of Kuala Lumpur.
Subang Jaya, Malaysia
Case Study: Subang Jaya, Malaysia
As of August 2020
The first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak hit certain industries directly, such as hotels and transport companies. City council staff also assisted the Petaling Health Office in tracking positive COVID-19 cases during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Vertical collaboration to assist local businesses and residents
They leverage technological solutions by implementing a customer-friendly approach, such as sending notifications via email, raising awareness of online transactions, and creating mobile apps for checkout and payment platforms. They also leverage existing assets to create new business opportunities, such as turning a library into a short-term rental workspace and imposing direct debit.
Local revenue administration through digital technology
Practice good financial habits such as reducing overtime and administrative costs by up to 20%, switching to in-house training and courses, cutting meeting expenses, firing underperforming staff, adopting a paperless policy and implementing innovations that reduce costs and increase productivity. Suva seasonally faces minor cyclones which often damage important infrastructure such as water, electricity and bridges, all of which affect the movement of people and business operations.
Suva, Fiji
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Reserve Bank of Fiji predicted that the local economy would fall into a recession after almost a decade of economic growth. The International Labor Organization estimated that 115,000 Fijian workers have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Case Study: Suva, Fiji
In February, the Fijian government tightened border security and imposed a ban on travel to major countries. The government also reinstated the national curfew, which began at 8 p.m. and ended at 5 a.m.
As of November 2020
The SCC ensured the provision of basic services to the people of Suva and was allowed to use its budget surpluses specifically to deal with COVID-19. Policy adjustments such as the suspension of the seasonal ban on the sale and consumption of coral trout and grouper have also been implemented to combat economic difficulties during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Expanding the use of digital technology
Central government financial support
81Europe Region
Europe Region
This makes it critical for governments to take measures to contain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. This allowed countries to prevent the spread of the disease before the summer tourism season.
Barcelona, Spain
The city regularly experiences flash floods and coastal flooding during the hot season, as well as heat waves and urban heat island effects, droughts and wildfires. The relatively low number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in the city compared to the number of deaths reflects the fact that mass testing was not widely available at the start of the pandemic; and therefore the death rate gradually decreased as these became more common.
Case Study: Barcelona, Spain
The municipal basic sanitary hazard was activated on March 9, 2020 in a pre-alarm state, which was then upgraded to an emergency phase on March 17, 2020 - 3 days after the nationwide declaration of a state of alarm. The latter, which was promulgated on March 14, 2020 and repealed on June 21, 2020, set the overarching legal framework for restrictions on mobility and economic activity in the country during the crisis.
As of July 2020
Another indicator of the impact of COVID-19 could be the number of temporary occupations, affecting 211,093 workers in the city. The formation of commercial companies in the city fell by 39.8% in the first 5 months of the year.
Center for economic response
The rise of digitization and value-added economic sectors, such as those related to health and social care, education, energy and sustainable mobility, are seen as a key driver for future city policies. The crisis has also been seen as an unprecedented chance to push the city's environmental agenda, building on the multi-stakeholder commitment of the Climate Plan (2018) and the Climate Emergency Declaration (2020).
Public space strategies
Stimulate community action, strengthening social services and their articulation in the social and associative fabric of the city. Ensure equal opportunities and access to education, strengthen the social capital of the city and position Barcelona as a scientific research center 8.
Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
On the eve of the crisis, the population faced an increase in the price of items in the basic food basket. In Bishkek, most of the housing estates are occupied by vulnerable segments of the population who are highly dependent on the daily wage.
Lockdown specifics
Case Study: Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
The Investment Council of the Mayor's Office of Bishkek was also established, consisting of a number of business associations, entrepreneurs and experts in Bishkek. Also, by decree of the office of the mayor of Bishkek, from March 22, 2020, a commission for Civil Protection of the city of Bishkek was formed, which will be responsible for the organization and implementation of civil protection measures.
Voluntary donations to a special account of the city of Bishkek
During the height of the COVID-19 crisis, local civil society (volunteers supported by contributions from business and citizens) played an important role in providing essential assistance (care, advice, supply of medicines and equipment) to those in need could not access the health care system. During the crisis, the government of Kyrgyzstan has proposed measures to support SMEs in the form of concessional loans.
Promoting entrepreneurship through financial support
Local hotels and restaurants were among the major contributors, and young people with no previous medical background served as volunteers due to the shortage of medical personnel. Currently, the Mayor's Office of Bishkek, taking into account the economic situation of the city, is developing a program of socio-economic development for 2021-2023.
Kharkiv, Ukraine
In the Kharkiv region, 29,118 cases of COVID-19 were confirmed in the laboratories during the observation period, and as many as 22,750 people were under medical supervision. In particular, the operations of cultural, institutional and entertainment facilities have been suspended; the working hours of food retailers, and shopping and entertainment centers were reduced; and gyms and fitness centers were allowed to open only in strict compliance with anti-epidemic norms.
Case Study: Kharkiv, Ukraine
From the budget of the city of Kharkiv, a grant of UAH 2 million was allocated to the regional budget to pay out-of-pocket payments to healthcare workers working with COVID-19 patients. Another 76.2 million UAH was allocated from the reserve fund of the Kharkiv city budget to prevent the spread of acute respiratory infections caused by COVID-19 in the city by purchasing lung ventilation devices, ambulance vehicles, bioprotective suits, respirators and necessary medicines.
Financial support through loan programs
Despite the decline in business activity in the first half of 2020, the Kharkiv City Council did not suspend the implementation of any of the city's targeted programs aimed at the development of the economy, social sphere and urban infrastructure. Ϙ A city with high social standards and social harmony: It envisages the development of an intelligent digital space and management systems with equal access to city resources; the development of civil dialogue;
Ϙ A comfortable, smart and green city: It primarily involves the implementation of numerous projects for planning an efficient transport network, creating conditions for sports activities, uniform greening of surfaces, introducing new technologies for the use and processing of solid waste, improving environmental quality standards, ensuring digitalization of the city, etc. Ϙ Global city of knowledge-based industries: This means interaction with educational institutions, science, culture and tourism; promoting the growth of knowledge of intensive activities; improving the quality of the city's investment climate; support for small and medium-sized enterprises; introducing and supporting smart specializations; and much more.
Tirana, Albania
Compared to the rest of the country, about 48% of the cases identified with COVID-19 are present in this county. Approximately one third of the Albanian population lives in Tirana and one third of businesses operate in the capital.
Case Study: Tirana, Albania
According to official data from the local authorities, the collected own revenues in Tirana municipality had decreased by 14% during the first quarter of 2020 compared to the same quarter of the year 2019. Continuity of local government, sufficient financial space and uninterrupted delivery deferment of payment of central public services while respecting the policies of the central government.
Financial support to SMEs and households
The Municipality of Tirana is currently working on the development of a Crisis and Resilience Management Plan that also includes Pandemic and Earthquake Response, where one of the main objectives is green restoration. Furthermore, the municipality also develops ambitious urban interventions, such as an Orbital forest, which contains a virtual wall of 2 million trees around the city to limit the urban sprawl, improve microclimate and air quality and biodiversity; and the Tirana RiverSide project, a major post-COVID revitalization intervention, consisting of a green neighborhood of 29 hectares.
Public space interventions
This new strategic pole of the city, which will soon be called KombinART, will be a cultural artistic pole that will be reconstructed into a resilient, sustainable and smart urban district. Aside from extreme climatic conditions and geographical remoteness, Yakutsk also faces risks such as spring flooding of the Lena River, forest fires, subsidence from permafrost thaw exacerbated by climate change, environmental degradation and occasional failures in infrastructure services.
Yakutsk, Russia
In 2020, despite the COVID-19 pandemic, the city's revenue actually increased by 2.3% compared to the previous year, reaching a total of 8,196.8 million rubles. The city has also taken measures to support local SMEs in light of the COVID-19 crisis, allocating about 520 million rubles to 10,944 small and medium-sized businesses and about 60 million rubles to 3,282 individuals.
Case Study: Yakutsk, Russia
Yakutsk also received about RUB 73 million from the state budget of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutsk) to offset part of these costs. Currently, the District Administration of the city of Yakutsk is working on the development of an Action Plan in line with the Action Plan of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) to ensure economic recovery and to guarantee jobs and income in Yakutsk.
Financial support for SMEs
A draft decree of the Chief of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), "On the Action Plan to Ensure the Support of Employment and Income, Economic Growth and Long-Term Structural Change in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)", was developed and formed in accordance with the National Action Plan. In addition, the action plan provides for the implementation of support measures for different sectors of the economy, including support for small and medium-sized enterprises and the agro-industrial complex, as well as for the digitalisation of ongoing processes.
107Latin America and
Latin America and the Caribbean Region
By mid-April, all countries and territories in the region had recorded at least one case. Rental housing actions, tenant eviction bans and housing support have been introduced to secure housing and limit the increasing financial pressure on households in the region.
Guayaquil, Ecuador
Guayaquil is also considered one of the most susceptible cities to sea level rise caused by climate change. Guayaquil is known as the economic capital of Ecuador, and the city's port is one of the most important on the eastern coast of the Pacific Ocean.
Case Study: Guayaquil, Ecuador
According to the latest figures from the Ecuadorian Institute of Social Security (IESS), more than 30,000 formal jobs were lost in Guayaquil between March and May 2020. At the beginning of the pandemic, the collection of loan payments was suspended for 60 days.
Improving technological platforms
The municipality also reformed the ordinance that regulates the use of sidewalks with tables and chairs, both in public and private spaces, to reactivate the commercial premises where it will enable approximately 100 businesses in the Urdesa, Miraflores, Saucer and Samanes sectors of the city. It will benefit the owners of the premises, as the tax is not charged for using public roads as long as they comply with the requirements.
Increasing collaboration towards economic recovery and innovation
The city of Lima, which hosted about 30% of the population of Peru, grew and urbanized spontaneously, which determined its inherent vulnerability. The latter is partly related to building in areas of the city that should not be inhabited - not only in the areas traditionally considered unsafe, associated with the poorest parts of the city, but also those where the richest parts of the population live (Malecón de la Costa Verde and its adjacent area).
Lima, Peru
The economy is also very dependent on private investment, which accounts for 80% of the country's total investment and about 20% of the national GDP. Many of the formal sectors are highly feminized, while in the informal sector it is estimated that 7 out of 10 Peruvian women generate income every day.
Case Study: Lima, Peru
The general stock market index on the Lima Stock Exchange has accumulated a decline of 32.3% so far this year. The Banking, Insurance and AFP Authority (SBS) made the treatment of the provisions applicable to loans granted in these programs more flexible.
M¡d- to Long-Term Recovery
The Lima City Council's response measures have focused mainly on supporting markets and informal vendors, as one of the main potential spaces for infection, as the majority of the population often relies on them for supplies due to the reported lack of refrigerators in homes. almost 40 inhabitants. % of the population of Peru. The local government is also orienting its work to bring humanitarian aid to insecure sectors through the approval of economic bonds for the vulnerable population, flexibility in the payment of basic household services and support for the economic reactivation of various business lines.
Supporting markets and informal vendors
Promoting digital platforms
Start Peru program
The main challenges facing Teresina include those related to the mismanagement of urban metabolism, in particular, unsustainable urban mobility and issues related to the water cycle (river floods, flash floods and water-related diseases). Other challenges are related to reducing inequalities, reducing the situation of informal land ownership and employment, and policies related to crime and security.
Teresina, Brazil
In the period from January to May, 7,896 people were formally employed, which in absolute terms is 4,672 more than in the same period last year. Compared to the same period of the previous year (January-September), it is estimated that in 2020 service activities in the state of Piaui fell by -13.2%, and revenues fell by -8.1%.
Case Study: Teresina, Brazil
Effects were also felt in the distribution of revenue by the national government over the municipalities. The committee also coordinated dialogue between different sectors of society in the production of information and decision-making on the reopening of activities.
Programme to evaluate performance of public spending
The municipality of Teresina implemented a plan for the gradual and planned reopening of economic activities in 4 phases, with special protocols for different sectors of activity and with mandatory testing of employees in the private sector for activities with a higher risk of infection. These measures have proven to be satisfactory, as the rate of infection has been decreasing since the resumption of economic activities.
Municipality support to local businesses
Conclusion: Key Lessons from Cities
COVID-19 has resulted in a sharp drop in municipal revenues (partly due to the easing fiscal measures to support economic activity). Policy brief: The impact of COVID-19 on the Arab region: An opportunity to build back better.
Global Compendium of
Practices on Local Economic and Financial Recovery
