PERGAMON POLICY STUDIES
Marini Soure s of Ener g y
Jacques Constans
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PERGAMON POLICY STUDIES
Marine Sources of Energy
Jacques Constans
Published for the United Nations
Department of International Economic and Social Affairs Office for Science and Technology
Pergamon Press
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Copyright © 1979 United Nations
Library of Congress Cataloging In Publication Data
Constans, Jacques, 1934- Marine sources of energy.
(Pergamon policy studies) Bibliography: p.
Includes Index.
4. Ocean energy resources. I. United Nations.
Office for Science and Technology. li. Title.
TJ463.2.C64 1979 333.9'44 79-45200 ISBN 0-08-023897-1
All Rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced.
stored in á retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means.
electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying.
recording or otherwise, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Printed in the United States of America
T T`,Í
.T TEJ;ja1111J 1y1.1.„11r1J.a l I41iY1GUIVIUo
3 MAR. 1998
Contents
FOREWÓR.D
Jacques Cousteau FOREWORD
vii
ix
INTRODUCTION xv
Chapter
1 OFFSHORE COASTAL WIND ENERGY CONVERSION 1
2 OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION 35
3 THE SOLAR POND CONCEPT 78
4 WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION 88
5 TIDAL ENERGY CONVERSION 121
6 OTHER POSSIBILITIES OF MARINE ENERGY
CONVERSION 134
7 CONCLUSION 149
APPENDIX
A COMPOSITION OF EUROCEAN STUDY GROUPS 153 B UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY
RESOLUTION ON NEW AND RENEWABLE
SOURCES OF ENERGY 155
V
vi
BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Index
Ammonia, 56, 68, 74 Cost
Aquaculture, 56, 58, 80, 87 OTEC power plants, solar ponds, 85-87
58-63 Biodigestion. See Biomass tidal energy production,
energy conversion, marine Biofouling, 68, 95
Biomass energy conversion, marine, 143-8
Biomass production and OTEC, 55-56, 58
Britain
tidal energy conversion, 130
wave energy conversion, 107, 109-12, 116-7, 119 Buoys and wind energy con-
version, 107, 111-13
Canada, tidal energy schemes, 129, 130
CNEXO (centre national pour l'exploitation des oceans) , OTEC study, 66
solar pond experiment, 84-85, 86
Cockerell rafts wave energy conversion system, 94,
104-7, 116-17
Collectors, solar, 1, 79, 81 Computer programs, 53-54, 90 Coral Sea. See OTEC power
plant sites
128-9, 133
wave energy conversion, 95-103, 119
wind energy_production, 21-28, 34
Cycles. See Rankine; Thermo- dynamic
Darrieus rotor, 17, 19-20 Density gradient and solar
ponds, 81, 83
Desalination of water, 56, 80
Developing countries OTEC, 76-77
solar pond concept, 80, 86-87
tidal energy conversion, 143
wind power installations, 34
Dialytic battery concept, 142
DOE (Department of Energy), 63
Energy conversion
bioeonversion, photosyn- thetic products, 147
165
166 MARINE SOURCES OF ENERGY microbial, 148
osmotic process, 139-41 salination methods, 138-43 solar ponds, 80-85
tidal schemes, 121, 122-9 wave, 92, 95-103, 119, 120 wind, 103-16
Energy Research and Develop- ment Administration.
See ERDA
Energy utilization and OTEC, 55-58
ERDA (energy Research and Development Administra- tion), 63, 66, 68
Ethyl alcohol from kelp fermentation, 146 EUROCEAN
OTEC group program of action, 74-75
and OTEC pilot plant, 45 and OTEC plant sites, 36-
41
Floats and wave energy con- version system, 106-7, 110
France
OTEC study, 66
solar po d experiment, 84 85, $6
tidal energy conversion schemes, 126, 128-9, 131-2
Guinea, Gulf of. See OTEC power plants, sites
Heat exchangers and OTEC power plants, 49, 67-68, 73, 85
Hydraulic power in wave energy conversion systems, 95, 104-6, 107-10
Hydrodynamics of the plume, OTEC plants, 49-50
Hydrogen production, off- shore OTEC plants, 56, 147
Israel
marine biomass energy con- version, 145
salination energy conver- sion, 140
solar pond concept, 79 solar pond construction,
84, 86
solar ponds, 81, 83
wind energy technology, 31 Japan
Masuda buoy wave energy conversion system, 111-13, 119
OTEC program, 73-74 Sunshine Project, 66 Kayser vertical-cylinder
wave energy conversion system, 94, 107
Lagunas, 79-80, 146
Marine biomass energy con- version, 143-8
Marine currents, 134-8 Marine energy farming con-
cept, 145
Masuda buoy wave energy con- version system, 94, 111-13 117,119
Membranes and salination energy conversion, 139-43 Methane production and marine
biomass, 144-47
Methanol production in off- shore OTEC plants, 56, 58 Mooring systems
OTEC plants, 51-52
wave energy conversion, 94 NASA-Lewis Research Center
wind energy projects, 30 Northwest African Islands.
See OTEC power plants, sites
NSF-RANN (National Science Foundation research applied to national needs) , 63
INDEX 167 Ocean currents and thermo-
haline convection, 134 Ocean farm concept, 146 Ocean thermal energy conver-
sion. See OTEO
Osmosis and salination energy, 139-42
OTEO (ocean thermal energy conversion)
conceptual design and de- velopment, 45-55, 68, 73 development programs, 63-77 system concept, 42-45
thermodynamic cycles, 35, 42, 75
OTEO power plants coastal lagunas, 80 components, 44-45 computer programs for
design and operation, 53-54
economy of, 58-63 energy utilization, 55-58 environmental studies, 68 hydrodynamics of the plume,
49-50
impact on biological en- vironment, 53
mooring systems for, 51-52 sites, 36-42
OTEO projects, development, 63-77
OTS (ocean turbine system) concept, 138
Photosynthesis and solar energy, 144
Polynesian Islands. See OTEC power plants, sites PRO (pressurized retarded
osmosis) , 140
Rance River tidal scheme, 126, 128-29
Rankine cycles, 42-45, 68, 74,79
Russel rectifier, 116
Salination energy conversion methods, 138-43
Salinity gradients, 138-43 Salt flats and solar energy
collectors, 79-80
Salt production and solar pond concept, 80, 83-84
Salter nodding duck research on, 116-17 wave energy conversion
system, 94, 107, 109-12 Sites
OTEC plants, 36-42 solar ponds, 80.-81 tidal energy conversion
schemes, 121, 122-24 wind energy installations,
2-7, 21
Solar collectors, 1, 79, 81 Solar energy collectors, 42,
78, 79-80
Solar energy and the oceans, 35, 78, 144
Solar pond concept, 79, 80-81 87
Solar pond construction, 84-85
Solar pond system, physical parameters, 81-84
Solar ponds
and developing countries, 86-87
potential natural sites, 80-81
and salt control, 83-84 SSPP (solar sea power plant) ,
42 Sweden
salination energy conversion, 140, 142
wind energy research, 31 Thermal energy transformation,
ocean water, 42
Thermocline in OTEO plant, 68 Thermodynamic cycles, 35,
42-45, 79. See also Rankine cycles
Thermodynamics of solutions, 138
Thermoelectric conversion systems, 42-45
168 MARINE SOURCES OF ENERGY Tidal current velocities,
135-6
Tidal energy conversion projects, 129-32
Tidal energy conversion schemes
classification, 122-24
construction aspects, 124-28 economic aspects, 128-29 history of, 121
Tidal energy conversion sites, 121-22, 123 Tides, 121-22
TBrnkvist vertical wave absorber, 94, 113-16,
117.
See also Wave energy con- version systems
Turbines air, 111
axial-flow bulb-type, 126-27 bulb-type, 132-33
ducted, 31, 136 horizontal-axis, 8-17 and OTEC plant, 44 OTS project, 138
with rim generator, 128 in tidal energy conversion
schemes, 122, 124
underwater marine current, 135, 136-37, 138
vertical-axis, 17-20 vortex, 20
wind, 6, 7-21
industrial applications, 92, 120
Wave energy conversion devices construction, 94-95
cost, 96-97, 104
wave-activated machine, 90-91
and wave direction, 93
Wave energy conversion systems Cockerell rafts, 104-7
costs of, 95-103
Kayser vertical-axis cylinder, 107-8
Masuda small buoy, 111-13 research, 116-18
Salter nodding duck, 107, 109-11
TBrnkvist vertical wave absorber, 113-16 wave data for, 103-4 Wind energy
cost of, 21-28 defined, 1-2 plants, 31-34
technology and research projects, 30-31
Wind flow, 2-5 Windmill, 28-29
Wind power installations cost, 21-22
offshore, 25-28, 34 site selection, 2-7 Wind turbine
construction, 7-15 selection of, 15-17 site selection, 2-7
supporting towers, 19-20 Wind turbines
Darrieus vertical-axis, 17-20
history of, 28-29 United States, 30, 63, 140
USSR, energy conversion, 126, 128
Velocity, 5-6, 135-6 Wave energy
advantages and disadvantages, 95-96
horizontal-axis, 8-17 and industrial develop-
ment, 31-34 evaluation of, 88-90, 92
Wave energy conversion and speed, 6, vortex, 20
15, 17 economic aspects, 95-103, Wind velocity, 2, 5, 21,
119
