Tilt optimization of a building integrated solar concentrating unit
D. [email protected]. TripanagnostopoulosChr. LamnatouM. SouliotisJ. I. Rosell and J. Barrau
Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 1477, 217 (2012); doi: 10.1063/1.4753872 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4753872
View Table of Contents: http://aip.scitation.org/toc/apc/1477/1 Published by the American Institute of Physics
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