Formulation factors affecting the binding properties of chinese yam (dioscorea oppositifolia) and corn starches

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G /vys/ts/ScrsiG r/e

Formulation factors affecting the binding properties of Chi

nese yam ( Dioscorea oppositifolia) and corn starches

Adenike Okunlola, Oluwatoyin A. Odeku

Department o f Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, University o f Ibadan, Ibadan , Nigeria

Received June 25 , 2009; Accepted August 2 6 , 2009

Abstract

Objective;

The quantitative effects o f formulation and processing variables affecting the binding properties of Chinese yam starch ( Dioscorea oppositifolia) in chloroquine phosphate tablet formulations have been investiga

ted in comparison with com starch using a 23 factorial experimental design.

Methods

: Chinese yam starch, re

presenting the "lo w " level, and co m starch, representing the "h ig h " level were used as binders at concentra

tions of 2. 5 % w /w and 10 % w /w in chloroquine phosphate tablet formulations. The mechanical properties of the tablets, measured by the tensile strength ( T ) and brittle fracture index ( B F I) as well as the release prop

erties measured by the disintegration time ( D T ) and dissolution time ( t g0- time for 80 % drug release) , were used as assessment parameters.

Results;

The ranking o f the individual coefficient values for the formulations on T was D > N » C , on BFI was N > D » C , on DT was D > N > C and on t80 was C > N > D while the ranking of the interaction coefficient on T was N-D > C-D » N -C , on BFI was N-D > N-C = C -D , on DT and t80 was N-C > N-D > C-D. Changing the binding agent from Chinese to com starch, led to a decrease in T , DT and tg0 but increase in BFI o f the tablets. There were significant ( P < 0 . 0 0 1 ) interactions between the nature o f binder, N and the other two variables, C and D.

Conclusion;

The result showed that Chinese yam possessed stronger binding capacity than com starch and could be useful as an alternative binder when tablets with high mechanical strength with minimal problems o f lamination, and slow release are required.

Keywords;

^Starch

;

B inder; Chinese yam ;Tensile strength; Brittle fracture index; Chloroquine phosphate

INTRODUCTION

Starches are o f commercial importance in the food and phamiaceutical industries because o f their inert

ness, abundance and cheapness. Commercial star

ches obtained from cereals ( co rn , waxy c o m , high amylose c o m , wheat and various rice s) , tubers and roots ( particularly potato and cassava) are used as diluents, binders and disintegrants in drug formula-

Correspondence lo ; Dr. Oluwatoyin A. Odeku, Department of Phar

maceutics & Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Tel; 2348057320466; 23428106403 E-mail; pejuodeku@ yahoo, com

tiont l] . With the versatility o f starches in various solid dosage forms, there is the need to continue to develop new starch excipients with suitable proper

ties to meet the special needs o f drug formulators.

Tropical yam tubers (Fam ily D ioscoreaceae) are potential source o f industrial starch because o f their high starch content ( about 50 - 80 % w /w ) ^ . One o f the species cultivated in many parts o f Africa and Southeast Asia is Dioscorea oppositifolia ( Chinese yam) , which has been used in Chinese medicine as an invigorant 3 . D. oppositifolia L. , (a ls o known as D. opposita Thunb) , is a perennial twining vine which has a d e e p , persistent root-like tuber that can be 1 m long and weigh up to several kilograms.

Aboveground, it has round slender stems that twine

UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY

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　Ｔｈｅｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｔａｂｌｅｔｗｈｉｃｈａｒｅｉｎｄｉｃａｔｏｒｓｏｆｔｈｅａｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆｔｈｅｔａｂｌｅｔｓｔｏｗｉｔｈｓｔａｎｄｔｈｅｒｉｇｏｒｓｏｆｈａｎｄｌｉｎｇｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｄｉｎｍａｎｕｆａｃｔｕｒｅ，ｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒ ｔａｔｉｏｎ，ｄｉｓｐｅｎｓｉｎｇａｎｄｕｓａｇｅ，ｈａｓｂｅｅｎａｓｓｅｓｓｅｄｂｙｔｗｏｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ：ｂｏｎｄｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈａｎｄｂｒｉｔｔｌｅ ｎｅｓｓ^［^７^，^１^０^］．Ｔｈｅｔｅｎｓｉｌｅｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈｏｆａｔａｂｌｅｔｉｓａｆｕｎｃ ｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅａｒｅａｏｆｃｏｎｔａｃｔｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓａｎｄｔｈｅｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈｏｆｂｏｎｄｓｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅｍ^［^１^０^］．Ｔｈｅｇｒｅａｔｅｒｔｈｅｄｅｇｒｅｅｏｆｂｏｎｄｉｎｇ，ｔｈｅｇｒｅａｔｅｒｉｓｔｈｅｔｅｎｓｉｌｅｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈｏｆｔｈｅｔａｂｌｅｔｓ．Ｔｈｅｂｒｉｔｔｌｅｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｉｎ ｄｅｘ（ＢＦＩ）ｏｎｔｈｅｏｔｈｅｒｈａｎｄ，ｗａｓｄｅｖｉｓｅｄｂｙＨｉｅｓ ｔａｎｄｅｔａｌ^［^１^１^］ａｎｄｉｓｏｂｔａｉｎｅｄｂｙｃｏｍｐａｒｉｎｇｔｈｅｔｅｎ ｓｉｌｅｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈｏｆａｔａｂｌｅｔｗｉｔｈａｈｏｌｅｔｏｔｈｅｔｅｎｓｉｌｅｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈｏｆｔｈｅｔａｂｌｅｔｓｗｉｔｈｏｕｔａｈｏｌｅ，ｂｏｔｈａｔｔｈｅｓａｍｅｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｄｅｎｓｉｔｙ．Ｔｈｅｈｏｌｅｓｅｒｖｅｓａｓａｂｕｉｌｔｉｎｓｔｒｅｓｓｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｏｒ＂ｄｅｆｅｃｔ＂．ＡｌｏｗｖａｌｕｅｏｆＢＦＩｉｓ

ｄｅｓｉｒａｂｌｅｆｏｒｔｈｅｍｉｎｉｍｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆｃａｐｐｉｎｇａｎｄｌａｍｉｎａ ｔｉｏｎｄｕｒｉｎｇｔａｂｌｅｔｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ．

　Ｃｈｌｏｒｏｑｕｉｎｅｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅ，ａ４ａｍｉｎｏｑｕｉｎｏｌｉｎｅａｎｔｉ ｍａｌａｒｉａｌｃｏｍｐｏｕｎｄｗａｓｕｓｅｄａｓｔｈｅｍｏｄｅｌｄｒｕｇ．Ｃｈｌｏｒｏｑｕｉｎｅｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅｃａｎｎｏｔｂｅｍａｄｅｉｎｔｏｓａｔｉｓｆａｃ ｔｏｒｙｔａｂｌｅｔｓｂｅｃａｕｓｅｏｆｉｔｓｐｏｏｒｃｏｍｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｐｒｏｐｅｒ ｔｉｅｓａｎｄｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｓａｂｉｎｄｅｒ，ａｍｏｎｇｏｔｈｅｒｅｘ ｃｉｐｉｅｎｔｓ，ｔｏｆｏｒｍｓａｔｉｓｆａｃｔｏｒｙｔａｂｌｅｔｓ．

ＭＡＴＥＲＩＡＬＳＡＮＤＭＥＴＨＯＤＳ

ＴｈｅｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓｕｓｅｄｗｅｒｅｃｈｌｏｒｏｑｕｉｎｅｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅＢＰａｎｄｃｏｒｎｓｔａｒｃｈＢＰ（ＢＤＨＣｈｅｍｉｃａｌｓＬｔｄ．，Ｐｏｏｌｅ，Ｕ．Ｋ．），ｐｏｌｙｖｉｎｙｌｐｙｒｒｏｌｉｄｏｎｅ，ＰＶＰＭｏｌ．Ｗｔ．４４，０００（ＢＤＨＣｈｅｍｉｃａｌｓＬｔｄ．，Ｐｏｏｌｅ，Ｕ．Ｋ．）ａｎｄｔｕｂｅｒｓｏｆＤｉｏｓｃｏｒｅａｏｐｐｏｓｉｔｉｆｏｌｉａ（Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅｙａｍ）ｏｂ ｔａｉｎｅｄｆｒｏｍｌｏｃａｌｆａｒｍｅｒｓｉｎＩｂａｄａｎ，Ｎｉｇｅｒｉａａｎｄａｕ ｔｈｅｎｔｉｃａｔｅｄ．Ｔｈｅｓｔａｒｃｈｗａｓｅｘｔｒａｃｔｅｄｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｔｕｂｅｒｓｕｓｉｎｇｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｅｄｐｒｏｃｅｄｕｒｅｓ^［^１^２^］．

Ｐｒｅｐａｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｇｒａｎｕｌｅｓａｎｄｔａｂｌｅｔｓ

Ｂａｔｃｈｅｓ（２００ｇ）ｏｆａｂａｓｉｃｆｏｒｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｃｈｌｏｒｏ ｑｕｉｎｅｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅ（６０％ｗ／ｗ），ｌａｃｔｏｓｅ（３０％ｗ／ｗ）ａｎｄｃｏｒｎｓｔａｒｃｈ（１０％ｗ／ｗ）ｗｅｒｅｄｒｙｍｉｘｅｄｆｏｒ５ｍｉｎｕｔｅｓｉｎａｐｌａｎｅｔａｒｙｍｉｘｅｒ（ＭｏｄｅｌＡ１２０，ＨｏｂａｒｔＭａｎｕｆａｃｔｕｒｉｎｇＣｏ，Ｕ．Ｋ）ａｎｄｔｈｅｎｍｏｉｓｔｅｎｅｄｗｉｔｈａｐｐｒｏｐｒｉａｔｅａｍｏｕｎｔｓｏｆｓｔａｒｃｈｐａｓｔｅｔｏｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｇｒａｎ ｕｌｅｓｃｏｎｔａｉｎｉｎｇｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｔｈｅｓｔａｒ ｃｈｅｓａｓｂｉｎｄｅｒ（２．５１０％ｗ／ｗ）．Ｍａｓｓｉｎｇｗａｓｃｏｎ ｔｉｎｕｅｄｆｏｒ５ｍｉｎｕｔｅｓａｎｄｔｈｅｗｅｔｍａｓｓｅｓｗｅｒｅｇｒａｎｕ ｌａｔｅｄｂｙｐａｓｓｉｎｇｔｈｅｍｍａｎｕａｌｌｙｔｈｒｏｕｇｈａｍｅｓｈ１２ｓｉｅｖｅ（１４００μｍ）．Ｔｈｅｓｅｗｅｒｅｄｒｉｅｄｉｎａｈｏｔａｉｒｏｖ ｅｎａｔ５０℃ ｆｏｒ１８ｈｏｕｒｓ．Ｄｒｉｅｄｇｒａｎｕｌｅｓｗｅｒｅｓｉｅｖｅｄｔｈｒｏｕｇｈａｍｅｓｈ１６ｓｉｅｖｅ（１０００μｍ）ａｎｄｔｈｅｎｓｔｏｒｅｄｉｎａｉｒｔｉｇｈｔｃｏｎｔａｉｎｅｒ．Ｔｈｅｍｏｉｓｔｕｒｅｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅｇｒａｎｕｌｅｓｗａｓｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｄａｎｄｆｏｕｎｄｔｏｂｅｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ２４％ｗ／ｗ．Ｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅｄｅｎｓｉｔｉｅｓｗｅｒｅｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｐｙｃｎｏｍｅｔｅｒｍｅｔｈｏｄ，ｕｓｉｎｇｘｙｌｅｎｅａｓｔｈｅｄｉｓ ｐｌａｃｅｍｅｎｔｆｌｕｉｄ．

Ｐｒｅｐａｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔａｂｌｅｔｓ

Ｑｕａｎｔｉｔｉｅｓ（５００ｍｇ）ｏｆｇｒａｎｕｌｅｓｗｉｔｈｉｎｔｈｅｓｉｚｅｒａｎｇｅｏｆ７１０１０００μｍｗｅｒｅｃｏｍｐｒｅｓｓｅｄｆｏｒ３０ｓｅｃ ｏｎｄｓｉｎｔｏｔａｂｌｅｔｓｗｉｔｈｐｒｅｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｄｌｏａｄｓｏｎａＣａｒｖ ｅｒｈｙｄｒａｕｌｉｃｐｒｅｓｓ（ｍｏｄｅｌＣ，Ｃａｒｖｅｒｉｎｃ．Ｍｅｎｏｍ

ｏｎｅｅＦａｌｌｓ，ＷＩＳ）ｕｓｉｎｇａ１０．５ｍｍｄｉｅａｎｄｆｌａｔ ｆａｃｅｄｐｕｎｃｈｅｓｌｕｂｒｉｃａｔｅｄｗｉｔｈａ１％ｄｉｓｐｅｒｓｉｏｎｏｆｍａｇｎｅｓｉｕｍｓｔｅａｒａｔｅｉｎａｃｅｔｏｎｅｂｅｆｏｒｅｅａｃｈｃｏｍｐｒｅｓ ｓｉｏｎ．Ａｆｔｅｒｅｊｅｃｔｉｏｎ，ｔｈｅｔａｂｌｅｔｓｗｅｒｅｓｔｏｒｅｄｏｖｅｒｓｉｌ ｉｃａｇｅｌｆｏｒ２４ｈｏｕｒｓｔｏａｌｌｏｗｆｏｒｅｌａｓｔｉｃｒｅｃｏｖｅｒｙａｎｄｈａｒｄｅｎｉｎｇ．Ｔｈｅｗｅｉｇｈｔｓ（ｗ）ａｎｄｄｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎｓｏｆｔｈｅ

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UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY

(3)

２００９．ＡｓｉａｎＰａｃｉｆｉｃＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＴｒｏｐｉｃａｌＭｅｄｉｃｉｎｅ．　　　　　

ｔａｂｌｅｔｓｗｅｒｅｔｈｅｎｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｄｔｏｗｉｔｈｉｎ ±１ｍｇａｎｄ０．０１ｍｍｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｉｒｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｄｅｎｓｉｔｉｅｓ，Ｄ，ｗｅｒｅｃａｌｃｕｌａｔｅｄｕｓｉｎｇｔｈｅｅｑｕａｔｉｏｎ：

Ｄ＝ｗ／Ｖ_ｔ．ρ_ｓ（１）ｗｈｅｒｅＶ_ｔｉｓｔｈｅｖｏｌｕｍｅ，ｃｍ^３，ｏｆｔｈｅｔａｂｌｅｔｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇｔｈｅｈｏｌｅｗｈｅｎｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｎｄρ_ｓｉｓｔｈｅｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅｄｅｎｓｉｔｙ，ｇｃｍ^^３，ｏｆｔｈｅｓｏｌｉｄｍａｔｅｒｉａｌ．

Ｔｅｓｔｉｎｇ

Ｔｈｅｔｅｎｓｉｌｅｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈｏｆｔｈｅｃｈｌｏｒｏｑｕｉｎｅｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅｔａｂｌｅｔｓ（Ｔ）ｗａｓｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｄａｔｒｏｏｍｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｂｙｄｉａｍｅｔｒａｌｃｏｍｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎ^［^１^３^］ｕｓｉｎｇａｈａｒｄｎｅｓｓｔｅｓｔｅｒ

（ＫｅｔａｎＳｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃ＆Ｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｓ，Ａｈｍｅｄｅｂａｄ，Ｉｎｄｉ ａ）．Ｔｈｅｔｅｎｓｉｌｅｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈｏｆｔｈｅｔａｂｌｅｔｗａｓｔｈｅｎｃａｌｃｕ ｌａｔｅｄｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｅｑｕａｔｉｏｎ：

Ｔ＝２Ｌ／πｄｈ（２）ｗｈｅｒｅＴｉｓｔｈｅｒａｄｉａｌｔｅｎｓｉｌｅｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈ，Ｌｉｓｔｈｅｌｏａｄｎｅｅｄｅｄｔｏｂｒｅａｋｔｈｅｔａｂｌｅｔ，ｄｉｓｔｈｅｔａｂｌｅｔｄｉａｍｅｔｅｒａｎｄｈｉｓｔｈｅｔａｂｌｅｔｔｈｉｃｋｎｅｓｓ^［^１^３^］．Ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｗｅｒｅｔａｋｅｎｏｎｌｙｆｒｏｍｔａｂｌｅｔｓｗｈｉｃｈｓｐｌｉｔｃｌｅａｎｌｙｉｎｔｏｔｗｏｈａｌｖｅｓｗｉｔｈｏｕｔａｎｙｓｉｇｎｏｆｌａｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎ．Ａｌｌｍｅａｓｕｒｅｍｅｎｔｓｗｅｒｅｍａｄｅｉｎｑｕａｄｒｕｐｌｉｃａｔｅｓａｎｄｔｈｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｇｉｖｅｎａｒｅｔｈｅｍｅａｎｏｆｓｅｖｅｒａｌｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｓ．

　Ｔｈｅｂｒｉｔｔｌｅｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｉｎｄｅｘ（ＢＦＩ）ｖａｌｕｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｔａｂ ｌｅｔｓｗｅｒｅｃａｌｃｕｌａｔｅｄｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｅｑｕａｔｉｏｎ：

ＢＦＩ＝０．５［（Ｔ／Ｔ_ｏ）－１］（３）ｗｈｅｒｅＴｉｓｔｈｅｔｅｎｓｉｌｅｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈｏｆｔｈｅｔａｂｌｅｔｗｉｔｈｏｕｔａｈｏｌｅａｎｄＴ_ｏｉｓｔｈｅｔｅｎｓｉｌｅｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈｏｆａｔａｂｌｅｔｗｉｔｈａｈｏｌｅ．

Ｄｉｓｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｄｉｓｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｔｅｓｔ

Ｔｈｅｄｉｓｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｏｎｔｉｍｅｏｆｔｈｅｔａｂｌｅｔｓｗａｓｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｄｉｎｄｉｓｔｉｌｌｅｄｗａｔｅｒａｔ３７±０．５℃ ｕｓｉｎｇａｄｉｓｉｎｔｅｇｒａ ｔｉｏｎｔｅｓｔｅｒ（ＶｅｅｇｏＳｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃｄｅｖｉｃｅｓ，Ｍｕｍｂａｉ，Ｍａ ｈａｒａｓｈｔｒａ，Ｉｎｄｉａ）．Ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｓｗｅｒｅｄｏｎｅｉｎｑｕａｄｒｕｐｌｉｃａｔｅｓ．

　Ｄｉｓｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｔｅｓｔｗａｓｃａｒｒｉｅｄｏｕｔｏｎｔｈｅｔａｂｌｅｔｓｕ ｓｉｎｇｔｈｅＵＳＰＸＸＩＩＩｂａｓｋｅｔｍｅｔｈｏｄ（ＨａｎｓｏｎＭｏｄｅｌ７２ＲＬ，Ｕ．Ｓ．Ａ）ｒｏｔａｔｅｄａｔ１００ｒｐｍｉｎ９００ｍＬｏｆ０．１ＭＨＣＬ，ｍａｉｎｔａｉｎｅｄａｔ３７±０．５℃．Ｓａｍｐｌｅｓ

（５ｍＬ）ｗｅｒｅｗｉｔｈｄｒａｗｎａｎｄｒｅｐｌａｃｅｄｗｉｔｈｅｑｕａｌａ ｍｏｕｎｔｓｏｆｆｒｅｓｈｍｅｄｉｕｍ．Ｔｈｅｓａｍｐｌｅｗａｓｄｉｌｕｔｅｄａｎｄｔｈｅａｍｏｕｎｔｏｆｃｈｌｏｒｏｑｕｉｎｅｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅｒｅｌｅａｓｅｄｗａｓｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｄａｔｗａｖｅｌｅｎｇｔｈｏｆ２５５ｎｍ，ｕｓｉｎｇａＵＶ／ｖｉｓｉｂｌｅｓｐｅｃｔｒｏｐｈｏｔｏｍｅｔｅｒ（ＰｈｉｌｌｉｐｓＰｙｅＵｎｉ

ｃａｍ，ＰＵ８６１０Ｋｉｎｅｔｉｃｓ，Ｓａｒｏｓｅｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃｉｎｓｔｒｕ ｍｅｎｔｓ，Ｃａｍｂｒｉｄｇｅ，Ｕ．Ｋ．）．Ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｓｗｅｒｅｄｏｎｅｉｎｔｒｉｐｌｉｃａｔｅｓ．

ＦａｃｔｏｒｉａｌＥｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌＤｅｓｉｇｎ

Ａｆａｃｔｏｒｉａｌｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌｄｅｓｉｇｎｗａｓｕｓｅｄｔｏｓｔｕｄｙｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｎａｔｕｒｅｏｆｂｉｎｄｅｒ（ｄｅｎｏｔｅｄｂｙＮ），ｃｏｎｃｅｎ ｔｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｂｉｎｄｅｒ（ｄｅｎｏｔｅｄｂｙＣ）ａｎｄｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｄｅｎｓｉｔｙ

（ｄｅｎｏｔｅｄｂｙＤ）ｏｎｔｈｅｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌａｎｄｒｅｌｅａｓｅｐｒｏｐ ｅｒｔｉｅｓｏｆｃｈｌｏｒｏｑｕｉｎｅｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅｔａｂｌｅｔｓ^［^６^］．Ｔｈｅｂａｓｉｓ

ｏｆｔｈｅｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌｄｅｓｉｇｎｗａｓｔｈａｔｅａｃｈｏｆｔｈｅｔｈｒｅｅｖａｒｉａｂｌｅｓｗａｓｕｔｉｌｉｚｅｄａｔａ＂ｈｉｇｈ＂ｌｅｖｅｌ（ｄｅｎｏｔｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｓｕｂｓｃｒｉｐｔ，Ｈ）ａｎｄａ＂ｌｏｗ＂ｌｅｖｅｌ（ｄｅｎｏｔｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｓｕｂｓｃｒｉｐｔ，Ｌ）．Ｔｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔｓｉｎｔｈｅｄｅｓｉｇｎｗａｓ２^３＝８．

　Ｕｓｉｎｇｔｈｅａｂｏｖｅｎｏｍｅｎｃｌａｔｕｒｅ，ｔｈｅｖａｒｉｏｕｓｃｏｍｂｉ ｎａｔｉｏｎｓｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅｖａｒｉａｂｌｅｓｕｓｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｄｅｓｉｇｎｗｅｒｅ：

Ｎ_ＬＣ_ＬＤ_Ｌ，Ｎ_ＬＣ_ＬＤ_Ｈ，Ｎ_ＬＣ_ＨＤ_Ｌ，Ｎ_ＬＣ_ＨＤ_ＨＮ_ＨＣ_ＨＤ_Ｈ，Ｎ_ＨＣ_ＨＤ_Ｌ，Ｎ_ＨＣ_ＬＤ_Ｈ，Ｎ_ＨＣ_ＬＤ_ＬＮ_Ｌ＝Ｎａｔｕｒｅｏｆｂｉｎｄｅｒ（Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅｙａｍｓｔａｒｃｈ）Ｎ_Ｈ＝Ｎａｔｕｒｅｏｆｂｉｎｄｅｒ（ｃｏｒｎｓｔａｒｃｈ）

Ｃ_Ｌ＝Ｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｂｉｎｄｅｒ（２．５％）

Ｃ_Ｈ＝Ｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｂｉｎｄｅｒ（１０％）

Ｄ_Ｌ＝Ｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｄｅｎｓｉｔｙｏｆ０．８０Ｄ_Ｈ＝Ｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｄｅｎｓｉｔｙｏｆ０．９０

Ｂｙｇｒｏｕｐｉｎｇｔｈｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｉｎｔｏａｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｓｅｔｓ，ｉｔｗａｓｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅｔｏａｓｓｅｓｓｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｔｈａｔｅａｃｈｏｆｔｈｅｔｈｒｅｅｖａｒｉａｂｌｅｓｈａｄｓｅｐａｒａｔｅｌｙｏｎｔｈｅｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌａｎｄｒｅ ｌｅａｓｅｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｔａｂｌｅｔｓａｎｄａｌｓｏｔｏｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｗｈｅｔｈｅｒｔｈｅｖａｒｉａｂｌｅｓｗｅｒｅｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｎｇｏｒａｃｔｉｎｇｉｎｄｅ ｐｅｎｄｅｎｔｌｙｏｆｅａｃｈｏｔｈｅｒ．

　ＴｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇＮ，ｆｒｏｍｉｔｓ＂ｌｏｗ＂ｌｅｖｅｌｔｏｉｔｓ＂ｈｉｇｈ＂ｌｅｖｅｌｏｎｔｈｅｖａｒｉｏｕｓｐａｒａｍｅｔｅｒｓｗｅｒｅｆｏｕｎｄｂｙｓｕｍｍｉｎｇａｌｌｔｈｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ（ＴｏｒＢＦＩｏｒＤＴｏｒｔ_８０）ｏｆｓａｍｐｌｅｓｃｏｎｔａｉｎｉｎｇ＂ｈｉｇｈ＂ｌｅｖｅｌｏｆＮａｎｄｓｕｂｔｒａｃｔｉｎｇｔｈｅｓｕｍｏｆｔｈｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｏｆｓａｍｐｌｅｓｃｏｎｔａｉ ｎｉｎｇ＂ｌｏｗ＂ｌｅｖｅｌｓｏｆＮ．Ｔｈａｔｉｓ：

１／４［（Ｎ_ＨＣ_ＨＤ_Ｈ＋Ｎ_ＨＣ_ＬＤ_Ｈ＋Ｎ_ＨＣ_ＨＤ_Ｌ＋Ｎ_ＨＣ_ＬＤ_Ｌ）

－（Ｎ_ＬＣ_ＬＤ_Ｌ＋Ｎ_ＬＣ_ＨＤ_Ｌ＋Ｎ_ＬＣ_ＬＤ_Ｈ＋Ｎ_ＬＣ_ＨＤ_Ｈ）］

　Ｔｈｅａｍｏｕｎｔｂｙｗｈｉｃｈｔｈｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｏｆｔｈｉｓｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｄｅｐａｒｔｅｄｆｒｏｍｚｅｒｏ，ｉｒｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｏｆｗｈｅｔｈｅｒｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅｏｒｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅｗａｓａｑｕａｎｔｉｔａｔｉｖｅｍｅａｓｕｒｅｏｆｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆＮｏｎｔｈｅｖａｌｕｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔｐａｒａｍｅｔｅｒ．ＳｉｍｉｌａｒｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｓｗｅｒｅｕｓｅｄｆｏｒｆｉｎｄｉｎｇｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆＣａｎｄＤ．

　Ｔｏｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｗｈｅｔｈｅｒｔｈｅｒｅｗａｓａｎｙｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎ

· ３

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UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY

(4)

ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｗｏｖａｒｉａｂｌｅｓ，ｔｈｅＴ（ｏｒＢＦＩｏｒＤＴｏｒｔ_８０）ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｏｆｔｈｅｃｏｍｂｉｎａｔｉｏｎｓｉｎｗｈｉｃｈｔｈｅｙａｐｐｅａｒｔｏ ｇｅｔｈｅｒａｔｅｉｔｈｅｒ＂ｈｉｇｈ＂ｏｒ＂ｌｏｗ＂ｌｅｖｅｌｓｗｅｒｅｓｕｍｍｅｄａｎｄｔｈｅｓｕｍｏｆｏｔｈｅｒｃｏｍｂｉｎａｔｉｏｎｓｓｕｂｔｒａｃ ｔｅｄｆｒｏｍｔｈｉｓｔｏｏｂｔａｉｎｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｃｏｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔ．Ｆｏｒｅｘａｍｐｌｅ，ｆｏｒＮａｎｄＣ：

１／４［（Ｎ_ＨＣ_ＨＤ_Ｌ＋Ｎ_ＨＣ_ＨＤ_Ｈ＋Ｎ_ＬＣ_ＬＤ_Ｈ＋Ｎ_ＬＣ_ＬＤ_Ｌ）

－（Ｎ_ＨＣ_ＬＤ_Ｈ＋Ｎ_ＨＣ_ＬＤ_Ｌ＋Ｎ_ＬＣ_ＨＤ_Ｌ＋Ｎ_ＬＣ_ＨＤ_Ｈ）］

Ａｒｅｓｕｌｔｏｆｚｅｒｏｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｓｎｏｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎ，ｂｕｔｉｆｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｃｏｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｉｓｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙｒｅｍｏｖｅｄｆｒｏｍｚｅｒｏ，ｉｔｃａｎｂｅｃｏｎｃｌｕｄｅｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｔｗｏｖａｒｉａｂｌｅｓｃｏｎ ｃｅｒｎｅｄａｒｅｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｎｇｗｉｔｈｅａｃｈｏｔｈｅｒ．Ｔｈｅｅｘｔｅｎｔｏｆｒｅｍｏｖａｌｆｒｏｍｚｅｒｏｉｓａｍｅａｓｕｒｅｏｆｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎ．Ｓｉｍｉ ｌａｒｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｓｗｅｒｅｕｓｅｄｆｏｒｅｓｔｉｍａｔｉｎｇｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒａｃ ｔｉｏｎｂｅｔｗｅｅｎＮａｎｄＤ，ａｎｄｂｅｔｗｅｅｎＣａｎｄＤ．

Ｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃａｌａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ

Ｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃａｌａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｗａｓｃａｒｒｉｅｄｏｕｔｕｓｉｎｇｔｈｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｖａｒｉａｎｃｅ（ＡＮＯＶＡ）ａｎｄＴｕｋｅｙＫｒａｍｅｒｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｅｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎｔｅｓｔｓｏｎａｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒｓｏｆｔｗａｒｅＧｒａｐｈＰａｄＰｒｉｓｍ４（ＧｒａｐｈＰａｄＳｏｆｔｗａｒｅＩｎｃ．ＳａｎＤｉｅｇｏ，ＵＳＡ）．

ＲＥＳＵＬＴＳ

Ｔｈｅｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｖｅｐｌｏｔｓｏｆｌｏｇｔｅｎｓｉｌｅｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈ，ｂｒｉｔ ｔｌｅｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｉｎｄｅｘ（ＢＦＩ）ａｎｄｄｉｓｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｏｎｔｉｍｅ

（ＤＴ）ｖｅｒｓｕｓｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｄｅｎｓｉｔｙ（ＲＤ）ｆｏｒｃｈｌｏｒｏｑｕｉｎｅｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅｔａｂｌｅｔｓｃｏｎｔａｉｎｉｎｇ１０％ｗ／ｗｏｆｔｈｅｓｔａｒｃｈｂｉｎｄｉｎｇａｇｅｎｔｓａｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄｉｎＦｉｇｕｒｅｓ１，２ａｎｄ３ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ，ｗｈｉｌｅｔｈｅｄｉｓｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｆｉｌｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｔａｂ ｌｅｔｓａｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄｉｎＦｉｇｕｒｅ４．ＴｈｅｖａｌｕｅｓｏｆＴ，

ＢＦＩ，ＤＴａｎｄｔ_８０（ｔｈｅｔｉｍｅｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｄｆｏｒ８０％ｏｆｃｈｌｏ ｒｏｑｕｉｎｅｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅｔｏｂｅｒｅｌｅａｓｅｄ）ａｔｔｗｏｓｅｌｅｃｔｅｄｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｄｅｎｓｉｔｙｖａｌｕｅｓｏｆ０．８ａｎｄ０．９，ｗｈｉｃｈａｒｅｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｖｅｏｆｔｈｅｒａｎｇｅｏｆｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｄｅｎｓｉｔｙｖａｌｕｅｓｎｏｒｍａｌｌｙａｃｈｉｅｖｅｄｆｏｒｃｏｍｍｅｒｃｉａｌｃｈｌｏｒｏｑｕｉｎｅｐｈｏｓ ｐｈａｔｅｔａｂｌｅｔｓ，ｕｓｅｄｆｏｒｔｈｅｆａｃｔｏｒｉａｌｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔ，ａｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄｉｎＴａｂｌｅ１．Ｔｈｅｓｅｖａｌｕｅｓｗｅｒｅｕｓｅｄｔｏｃａｌ ｃｕｌａｔｅｔｈｅｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌａｎｄｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｃｏｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｓｆｏｒｔｈｅｖａｒｉａｂｌｅｓｕｓｉｎｇｔｈｅｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔｅｑｕａｔｉｏｎｓ．Ｔｈｅｉｎｄｉ ｖｉｄｕａｌａｎｄｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｃｏｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｖａｌｕｅｓａｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎ ｔｅｄｉｎＴａｂｌｅ２．Ｔｈｅｓｅｖａｌｕｅｓｐｒｏｖｉｄｅａｃｌｅａｒｉｎｄｉｃａ ｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｑｕａｎｔｉｔａｔｉｖｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｔｈｅｔｈｒｅｅｖａｒｉａｂｌｅｓｓｔｕｄｉｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈａｎｄｔｈｅｄｒｕｇｒｅ ｌｅａｓｅｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｃｈｌｏｒｏｑｕｉｎｅｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅｔａｂ ｌｅｔｓ．

Ｔａｂｌｅ１　Ｔｅｎｓｉｌｅｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈ（Ｔ）ｂｒｉｔｔｌｅｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｉｎｄｅｘ（ＢＦＩ），

ｄｉｓｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｏｎｔｉｍｅ（ＤＴ）ａｎｄｄｉｓｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｔｉｍｅ（ｔ_８０）ｏｆｃｈｌｏｒｏ ｑｕｉｎｅｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅｔａｂｌｅｔｓｆｏｒｔｈｅｆａｃｔｏｒｉａｌｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌｄｅｓｉｇｎ．

Ｖａｒｉａｂｌｅｓａｎｄｃｏｍｂｉｎａｔｉｏｎ

ｃｏｄｅｓ

Ｔｅｎｓｉｌｅｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈ

（ＭＮｍ^－２）

Ｂｒｉｔｔｌｅｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅ

ｉｎｄｅｘ

Ｄｉｓｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｏｎ

ｔｉｍｅ（ｍｉｎ）ｔ_８_０（ｍｉｎ）

ＮＬＣＬＤＬ０．５９８０．１２０１．２０１８．５０Ｎ_ＬＣ_ＬＤ_Ｈ１．２８６０．１３６９．２５３６．２５Ｎ_ＬＣ_ＨＤ_Ｌ０．６２３０．２４８１１．００５０．００Ｎ_ＬＣ_ＨＤ_Ｈ１．９６７０．１００２６．２５８３．５０ＮＨＣＬＤＬ０．３４５０．７２５０．６０１４．５０Ｎ_ＨＣ_ＬＤ_Ｈ０．９３００．３９９６．６０３１．００Ｎ_ＨＣ_ＨＤ_Ｌ０．６１５０．６９１１．２０２２．００Ｎ_ＨＣ_ＨＤ_Ｈ１．１５５０．３０７７．３０３７．００

Ｔａｂｌｅ２　Ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌａｎｄｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｎａｔｕｒｅｏｆｓｔａｒｃｈｂｉｎｄｅｒ（Ｎ），ｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｔａｒｃｈｂｉｎｄｅｒ（Ｃ）ａｎｄｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｄｅｎｓｉｔｙ

（Ｄ），ｏｎｔｈｅｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌａｎｄｄｒｕｇｒｅｌｅａｓｅｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｏｆｃｈｌｏｒｏｑｕｉｎｅｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅｔａｂｌｅｔｓ．ＶａｒｉａｂｌｅｓＴｅｎｓｉｌｅｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈ

（ＭＮｍ^－２）

Ｂｒｉｔｔｌｅｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｉｎｄｅｘ

Ｄｉｓｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｏｎｔｉｍｅ（ｍｉｎ）

ｔ_８_０（ｍｉｎ）

ＩｎｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔｃｏｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔＮ－０．３６０．３８－８．００－２０．９４Ｃ０．３０－０．０１７．０３２３．０６Ｄ０．７９－０．２１８．８５２０．６９ＰＰ＜０．００１Ｐ＜０．００１Ｐ＜０．０１Ｐ＜０．０１ＩｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｃｏｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔＮ－Ｃ－０．０５－０．０６－６．３８－１６．３１Ｎ－Ｄ－０．２３－０．１５－２．８０－４．９４Ｃ－Ｄ０．１５－０．０６１．８３３．５６

ＰＰ＜０．００１Ｐ＜０．００１Ｐ＜０．００１Ｐ＜０．００１

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UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY

(5)

２００９．ＡｓｉａｎＰａｃｉｆｉｃＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＴｒｏｐｉｃａｌＭｅｄｉｃｉｎｅ．　　　　　

　Ｉｎｃｏｍｐａｒｉｎｇｔｈｅｆｏｒｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓ，ｔｈｅｒａｎｋｉｎｇｏｆｔｈｅｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ（ｉｎｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔ）ｃｏｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｖａｌｕｅｓｆｏｒｔｈｅｆｏｒｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓｏｎＴｗａｓＤ＞ＮＣ，ｏｎＢＦＩｗａｓＮ＞ＤＣ，ｏｎＤＴｗａｓＤ＞Ｎ＞Ｃａｎｄｏｎｔ_８０ｗａｓＣ＞Ｎ

＞ＤｗｈｉｌｅｔｈｅｒａｎｋｉｎｇｏｆｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｃｏｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｏｎＴｗａｓＮＤ＞ＣＤ ＮＣ，ｏｎＢＦＩｗａｓＮＤ＞ＮＣ＝ＣＤ，ｏｎＤＴａｎｄｔ_８０ｗａｓＮＣ＞ＮＤ＞ＣＤ．

Ｔｈｅｒｅｗｅｒｅｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ（Ｐ＜０．００１）ｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｓｂｅ ｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅｎａｔｕｒｅｏｆｂｉｎｄｅｒ，Ｎａｎｄｔｈｅｏｔｈｅｒｔｗｏｖａｒｉ ａｂｌｅｓ，ＣａｎｄＤ．

Ｆｉｇｕｒｅ１ＰｌｏｔｏｆＬｏｇａｒｉｔｈｍｏｆＴｅｎｓｉｌｅｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈｖｅｒｓｕｓｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｄｅｎｓｉｔｙｆｏｒｃｈｌｏｒｏｑｕｉｎｅｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅｔａｂｌｅｔｓｃｏｎｔａｉｎｉｎｇ１０％ｗ／

ｗｏｆｓｔａｒｃｈｂｉｎｄｅｒｗｉｔｈｈｏｌｅ（……）ａｎｄｗｉｔｈｏｕｔａｈｏｌｅ（＿＿

＿＿）ａｔｔｈｅｉｒｃｅｎｔｅｒ：■，Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅｙａｍｓｔａｒｃｈａｎｄ▲，ｃｏｒｎｓｔａｒｃｈ．

ＤＩＳＣＵＳＳＩＯＮ

ＴｈｅｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｏｆＮｏｎＴ，ＤＴａｎｄｔ_８０ｗａｓｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅｉｎ ｄｉｃａｔｉｎｇｔｈａｔｃｈａｎｇｉｎｇｔｈｅｂｉｎｄｉｎｇａｇｅｎｔｆｒｏｍＣｈｉ ｎｅｓｅｙａｍｓｔａｒｃｈｗｈｉｃｈｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄｔｈｅ＂ｌｏｗ＂ｌｅｖｅｌｔｏｃｏｒｎｓｔａｒｃｈｗｈｉｃｈｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓｔｈｅ＂ｈｉｇｈ＂，ｌｅｄｔｏａｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅｉｎＴ，ＤＴａｎｄｔ_８０ｂｕｔｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｉｎＢＦＩｏｆｔｈｅｔａｂｌｅｔｓ．Ｔｈｕｓ，Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅｙａｍｓｔａｒｃｈｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｔａｂｌｅｔｓｗｉｔｈｈｉｇｈｅｒｔｅｎｓｉｌｅｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈａｎｄｌｏｎｇｅｒｄｉｓｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｄｉｓｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｔｉｍｅｓｔｈａｎｔｈｅｔａｂｌｅｔｓｃｏｎｔａｉｎｉｎｇｃｏｒｎｓｔａｒｃｈａｓｂｉｎｄｉｎｇａｇｅｎｔ．ＴｈｅｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｏｆＮｏｎＢＦＩ

Ｆｉｇｕｒｅ２Ｐｌｏｔｏｆｂｒｉｔｔｌｅｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｉｎｄｅｘｖｅｒｓｕｓｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｄｅｎｓｉｔｙｆｏｒｃｈｌｏｒｏｑｕｉｎｅｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅｔａｂｌｅｔｓｃｏｎｔａｉｎｉｎｇ１０％ｗ／ｗｏｆｂｉｎｄｅｒ：■，Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅｙａｍｓｔａｒｃｈａｎｄ▲，ｃｏｒｎｓｔａｒｃｈ．

Ｆｉｇｕｒｅ３ＰｌｏｔｏｆＤｉｓｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｏｎｔｉｍｅｖｅｒｓｕｓｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｄｅｎｓｉｔｙｆｏｒｃｈｌｏｒｏｑｕｉｎｅｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅｔａｂｌｅｔｓｃｏｎｔａｉｎｉｎｇ１０％ｗ／ｗｏｆｂｉｎｄｅｒ：■，Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅｙａｍｓｔａｒｃｈａｎｄ▲，ｃｏｒｎｓｔａｒｃｈ．

ｗａｓｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅｉｎｄｉｃａｔｉｎｇｔｈａｔＣｈｉｎｅｓｅｙａｍｓｔａｒｃｈｂｉｎｄ ｅｒｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｔａｂｌｅｔｓｗｉｔｈｌｏｗｅｒＢＦＩｖａｌｕｅｓｔｈａｎｃｏｒｎｓｔａｒｃｈ．ＴｈｉｓｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｓｔｈａｔｔｈｅｔａｂｌｅｔｓｃｏｎｔａｉｎｉｎｇＣｈｉｎｅｓｅｓｔａｒｃｈｈａｓｂｅｔｔｅｒａｂｉｌｉｔｙｔｏｒｅｌｉｅｖｅｓｔｒｅｓｓａｎｄｐｒｅｖｅｎｔｃａｐｐｉｎｇａｎｄｌａｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｄｕｒｉｎｇｔａｂｌｅｔｐｒｏｄｕｃ ｔｉｏｎｔｈａｎｔａｂｌｅｔｓｃｏｎｔａｉｎｉｎｇｃｏｒｎｓｔａｒｃｈ．Ｔｈｕｓ，Ｃｈｉ ｎｅｓｅｙａｍｓｔａｒｃｈａｐｐｅａｒｓｔｏｂｅａｓｔｒｏｎｇｅｒｂｉｎｄｉｎｇａ

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UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY

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Ｆｉｇｕｒｅ４Ｄｉｓｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｆｉｌｅｓｏｆｃｈｌｏｒｏｑｕｉｎｅｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅｔａｂｌｅｔｓｃｏｎｔａｉｎｉｎｇ１０％ｗ／ｗｏｆｓｔａｒｃｈｅｓａｓｂｉｎｄｅｒｓａｔｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｄｅｎｓｉ ｔｙｏｆ０．８０：■，Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ；▲，Ｃｏｒｎ．

ｇｅｎｔｔｈａｎｃｏｒｎｓｔａｒｃｈ．Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ，ａｌｌｔｈｅｔａｂｌｅｔｓｃｏｍ

ｐｌｉｅｄｗｉｔｈｔｈｅＢＰ^［^１^４^］ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｍｅｎｔｏｎｄｉｓｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｏｎ

（ｉ．ｅ．ｄｉｓｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈｉｎ１５ｍｉｎｕｔｅｓ）ｅｘｃｅｐｔｆｏｒ ｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓｃｏｎｔａｉｎｉｎｇ１０％ｗ／ｗＣｈｉｎｅｓｅｙａｍｓｔａｒｃｈｗｈｉｃｈｈａｄａｄｉｓｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｏｎｔｉｍｅｏｆ２６ｍｉｎｕｔｅｓ．Ｔｈｕｓ，Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅｙａｍｓｔａｒｃｈｃｏｕｌｄｂｅｍｏｒｅｕｓｅｆｕｌａｓａｂｉｎｄｉｎｇａｇｅｎｔｗｈｅｎｓｔｒｏｎｇｅｒｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓａｎｄｌｏｎｇｅｒｄｉｓｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｄｉｓｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｔｉｍｅｉｓｒｅ ｑｕｉｒｅｄ．

　ＴｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆＣｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｔｈａｔｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｔｈｅｃｏｎ ｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｂｉｎｄｅｒｆｒｏｍ２．５ｔｏ１０％ｗ／ｗｌｅｄｔｏａｎｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｉｎｔｈｅｔｅｎｓｉｌｅｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈ，ｄｉｓｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｄｉｓｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｔｉｍｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｔａｂｌｅｔ．Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ，ｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆＣｏｎｔｈｅＢＦＩｗａｓｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ，ｉｎｄｉｃａｔｉｎｇｔｈａｔｔｈｅｒｅｗａｓａｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅｉｎｔｈｅｔａｂｌｅｔｂｒｉｔｔｌｅｎｅｓｓ．Ｉｔｈａｓｂｅｅｎｓｈｏｗｎｔｈａｔｔｈｅｈｅａｔｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｄｕｒｉｎｇｃｏｍｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｗｏｕｌｄｃａｕｓｅｍｅｌｔｉｎｇｏｆｔｈｅａｓｐｅｒｉｔｉｅｓａｎｄｏｆｔｈｅｂｉｎｄｅｒｓｗｈｉｃｈｏｎｃｏｏｌｉｎｇｗｏｕｌｄｓｏｌｉｄｉｆｙｔｏｆｏｒｍｓｔｒｏｎｇｓｏｌｉｄｂｏｎｄｓｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓ^［^１^５^］．Ｔｈｅａ

ｍｏｕｎｔｏｆｂｏｎｄｉｎｇｗｏｕｌｄｄｅｐｅｎｄｏｎｔｈｅｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｂｉｎｄｉｎｇａｇｅｎｔｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ．ＴｈｅｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅｉｎＢＦＩｖａｌｕｅｓｗｉｔｈｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｉｎＣｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｓｔｈａｔｔｈｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｃｅｏｆａｂｉｎｄｅｒａｔｉｎｔｅｒｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｔｅｐｏｉｎｔｓｆａｃｉｌｉｔａｔｅｓｐｌａｓｔｉｃｄｅ ｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｆｏｒｔｈｅｒｅｌｉｅｆｏｆｌｏｃａｌｉｚｅｄｓｔｒｅｓｓｅｓ．Ｔｈｕｓ，ｔｈｅｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｓｔａｒｃｈｂｉｎｄｅｒｈａｓｔｏｂｅｃａｒｅ ｆｕｌｌｙｓｅｌｅｃｔｅｄｔｏｏｂｔａｉｎｔａｂｌｅｔｓｗｉｔｈａｄｅｑｕａｔｅｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈａｎｄｗｉｔｈｄｅｓｉｒｅｄｄｉｓｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｏｎ／ｄｉｓｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｔｉｍｅｓ．Ｔｈｉｓｉｓｉｎａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｏｆｏｔｈｅｒｗｏｒｋ

ｅｒｓ^［^１^５^，^１^６^］．

　Ｔｈｅｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｄｅｎｓｉｔｙ（Ｄ）ｈａｄｔｈｅｈｉｇｈｅｓｔｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｎｔｅｎｓｉｌｅｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈａｎｄｄｉｓｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｏｎｔｉｍｅｂｕｔｔｈｅｌｅａｓｔｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｎｄｉｓｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｔｉｍｅ．Ｔｈｕｓ，ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｔｈｅｒｅｌａ ｔｉｖｅｄｅｎｓｉｔｙｆｒｏｍ０．８０ｔｏ０．９０ｌｅｄｔｏａｎｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｉｎＴ，ＤＴａｎｄｔ_８０，ｂｕｔａｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅｉｎＢＦＩ．Ｆｏｒｍｏｓｔｐｈａｒｍａｃｅｕｔｉｃａｌｍａｔｅｒｉａｌ，ｔｈｅｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｄｅｎｓｉｔｙｏｆｔｈｅｔａｂｌｅｔｓｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｓｗｉｔｈｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｉｎｃｏｍｐｒｅｓ ｓｉｏｎｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅ．Ｔｈｉｓｗｉｌｌｌｅａｄｔｏａｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅｉｎｐｏｒｏｓｉ ｔｙｏｒｒｅｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｉｎｃａｐｉｌｌａｒｙｍｉｃｒｏｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｏｆｔｈｅｔａｂ ｌｅｔｓ^［^１^７^］ｒｅｓｕｌｔｉｎｇｉｎｃｌｏｓｅｒｐａｃｋｉｎｇ．Ｔｈｕｓ，ｍｏｒｅｓｏｌｉｄｂｏｎｄｓｗｉｌｌｂｅｆｏｒｍｅｄｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓｌｅａｄｉｎｇｔｏａｎｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｉｎｔｈｅｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈｏｆｔｈｅｔａｂｌｅｔｓ．Ｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅｒｅａｒｒａｎｇｅｍｅｎｔ，ｆｒａｇｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｄｅｆｏｒｍａ ｔｉｏｎｍａｙａｌｓｏｒｅｓｕｌｔｉｎｔｈｅｃｌｏｓｕｒｅｏｆｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒａｎｄｉｎ ｔｒａｇｒａｎｕｌａｒｐｏｒｅｓｐａｃｅｓ，ｔｈｅｒｅｂｙｒｅｄｕｃｉｎｇｔｈｅｃａｐｉｌ ｌａｒｙｍｉｃｒｏｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｏｆｔａｂｌｅｔｓａｎｄｔｈｅｒｅｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｈｅｓｉｚｅｏｆｔｈｅｃａｐｉｌｌａｒｙｓｐａｃｅｓｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓｗｉｌｌｒｅｄｕｃｅｔｈｅｒａｔｅｏｆｐｅｎｅｔｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｗａｔｅｒ，ｗｈｉｃｈｗｉｌｌｉｎｔｕｒｎｌｅａｄｔｏａｎｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｉｎｄｉｓｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｄｉｓｓｏｌｕ ｔｉｏｎｔｉｍｅｓ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｗｅｒｅｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ（Ｐ＜０．０１）ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｔｈｅｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｖａｒｉａｂｌｅｓｏｎｔｈｅｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌａｎｄｒｅｌｅａｓｅｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｏｆｃｈｌｏｒｏ ｑｕｉｎｅｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅｔａｂｌｅｔｓ．

　Ｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｃｏｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｖａｌｕｅｓ（Ｔａｂｌｅ２）ｉｎｄｉ ｃａｔｅｔｈａｔａｌｌｔｈｅｖａｒｉａｂｌｅｓｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｅｄｗｉｔｈｅａｃｈｏｔｈｅｒｔｏａｌｔｅｒｔｈｅｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌａｎｄｒｅｌｅａｓｅｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｔａｂｌｅｔｓ．ＴｈｅｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｂｅｔｗｅｅｎＮａｎｄＤｈａｄｔｈｅｌａｒｇｅｓｔｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｎｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｔａｂｌｅｔｓｗｈｉｌｅｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｂｅｔｗｅｅｎＮａｎｄＣｈａｄｔｈｅｌａｒ ｇｅｓｔｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｎｄｉｓｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｄｉｓｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｔｉｍｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｔａｂｌｅｔｓ．Ｔｈｕｓ，ｔｈｅｎａｔｕｒｅａｎｄｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｂｉｎｄｉｎｇａｇｅｎｔｕｓｅｄｉｎｔａｂｌｅｔｆｏｒｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓｎｅｅｄｔｏｂｅｃａｒｅｆｕｌｌｙｃｈｏｓｅｎｉｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏｏｂｔａｉｎｔａｂｌｅｔｓｏｆｄｅｓｉｒｅｄｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌａｎｄｄｒｕｇｒｅｌｅａｓｅｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ．Ｉｎｇｅｎｅｒａｌ，ｔｈｅｒｅｗｅｒｅｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃａｌｌｙｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ（Ｐ＜０．００１）ｉｎ ｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｓｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅｎａｔｕｒｅｏｆｂｉｎｄｅｒ，Ｎａｎｄｔｈｅｏｔｈｅｒｖａｒｉａｂｌｅｓ，ＣａｎｄＤ．ＴｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆＮｏｎｔａｂｌｅｔｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｗｅｒｅｓｈｏｗｎｔｏｂｅｓｔｒｏｎｇｌｙｒｅｌａｔｅｄｔｏｔｈｅｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｓｔａｒｃｈｂｉｎｄｅｒ（Ｃ）ａｎｄｔｈｅｒｅｌａ ｔｉｖｅｄｅｎｓｉｔｙｏｆｔｈｅｔａｂｌｅｔ（Ｄ）ｅｍｐｌｏｙｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｆｏｒｍｕ ｌａｔｉｏｎ^［^８^］．Ｔｈｕｓ，ｔｈｅｒｅａｐｐｅａｒｓｔｏｂｅａｓｔｒｏｎｇｉｎｔｅｒａｃ

ｔｉｏｎｂｅｔｗｅｅｎＣｈｉｎｅｓｅｙａｍｓｔａｒｃｈａｎｄｔｈｅｏｔｈｅｒｆｏｒ ｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇｖａｒｉａｂｌｅｓ．Ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒｍｏｒｅ，ｃｈａｎｇｉｎｇｔｈｅｔｙｐｅｏｆｓｔａｒｃｈｂｉｎｄｅｒｆｒｏｍＣｈｉｎｅｓｅｙａｍｓｔａｒｃｈｔｏｃｏｒｎｓｔａｒｃｈ，ａｎｄｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｔｈｅｂｉｎｄｅｒｃｏｎ ｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎ（Ｃ），ｌｅｄｔｏａｎｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｌｅｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈ，ｄｉｓｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｄｉｓｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｔｉｍｅｓ，ｂｕｔａ

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Formulation factors affecting the binding properties of chinese yam (dioscorea oppositifolia) and corn starches