A. 117347 20190122 UNICO ACCIONISTA MATRICULA DE PERSONA JURIDICA

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S. A. 117347 20190122 UNICO ACCIONISTA MATRICULA DE PERSONA JURIDICA

The infinitive absolute occurs in two forms; most verbal roots tend to use one form or the other. As in all stems, the infinitive construct is the same as 2ms imperative.

Nifal Infinitives NC

_lveM'hi

_lvoM'hi

lvom.nI

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III.18. Other Stems 157

18.2.2 Summary of Nifal Diagnostics

This chart summarizes the main clues for identifying a nifal form.

Conjugation Diagnostic Example Parsing

Perfect -

_.nI

_dB;k.nI

3ms N P

Participle -

.nI

~ydiB'k.nI

mp N Ptc

Imperfect -

„'yI

treK'yI

3ms N F

„'Ti

hn"l.v;M'Ti

2fp N F

Preterite -

_„'YIw:

_bteK'YIw:

3ms N Pr

Imperative &

Infinitives -

„'hi

areB'hi

N NC

War.B'hi

mp N V

1. All forms of the nifal have a prefix, and most have h

i

ireq as a prefix vowel (like qal imperfect

and preterite, hifil perfect, and all forms of the hitpael). The exception to this is I-guttural roots, which have s

i

ere (below). Nifal and qal are the only stems that use h

i

ireq as their prefix

vowel (except for hifil perfect, which has other distinguishing features).

2. All forms of the nifal except perfect and participle begin with the same pattern: prefix+h

i

ireq- dageå forte in first radical+qames

i

. This pattern occurs only in nifal.

3. Compare nifal and qal in this skeleton paradigm:

Conjugation PGN Qal Nifal

Perfect 3ms

_lv;m'

he ruled

_lv;m.nI

he was ruled

Imperfect 3ms

_lvom.yI

he shall rule

_lveM'yI

he shall be ruled

Preterite 3ms

_lvom.YIw:

he ruled

_lveM'YIw:

he was ruled

Imperative 2ms

_lvom.

Rule!

_lveM'hi

Be ruled!

Inf. Const.

_lvom.

to rule

_lveM'hi

to be ruled

Inf. Abs.

_lAvm'

_lvoM'hi

lvom.nI

Participle ms

_lvemo

one who rules

_lv'm.nI

one who is ruled

18.2.3 Function of the Nifal (HBI §2.1.3)

1. The nifal is primarily the passive and reflexive of the active stems (qal, piel, hifil). Note the

difference between the active (2 Kgs 21.26; qal) and passive (2 Kgs 21.18; nifal) of

rbq

, “bury”:

aZ"[u-!g:B. Atr'buq.Bi Atao rBoq.YIw:

He buried him [Manasseh] in his tomb in Uzzah’s garden,

`wyT'x.T; Anb. WhY"viayO %l{m.YIw:

and Josiah his son reigned in his place (2 Kgs 21.26).

wyt'boa]-~[I hV,n:m. bK;v.YIw:

And Manasseh slept with his fathers,

aZ"[u-!g:B. AtyBe-!g:B. rbeQ'YIw:

and he was buried in the garden of his palace, in Uzzah’s garden.

`wyT'x.T; AnB. !Ama' %l{m.YIw:

And Amon his son ruled in his place (2 Kgs 21.18).

2. The sign of the object may precede the subject of a passive nifal, apparently since the subject is affected by the action of the verb:

dr'y[i-ta, %Anx]l; dleW"YIw:

Irad was born to Enoch (Gn 4.18).

N.B.: Unlike English (or NT Greek), passive clauses in Hebrew rarely identify or mention who or what did the action described by the verb (the agent or the means). We do not

PUTNAM Book.indb 157

158 Biblical Hebrew

know if the passive was used in order to avoid naming the doer of the deed or if, having decided to use a passive, the author was constrained by the rules of Hebrew syntax so that he could not name the actor. This is true of all passives in Biblical Hebrew, not merely of the nifal.

3. When the nifal is adjectival, it can be glossed by words ending in “-ible”, “-able”, “-ful”,

“-some”. This function, sometimes called “potential” is common with stative verbs.

lkea'yE rv,a] lk,aoh'-lK'mi

Any of the food which may be eaten

[is ceremonially edible] … (Lv 11.34) [3 ms N F]

hL,aeme ~ydIB'k.nIw> ~yBir; ~yrIf'

leaders more numerous and honorable than these (Nu 22.15) [ms N Ptc]

4. Nifal also has a variety of “double-status” nuances, in which the subject both does the

action described by the verb and is affected by its own action. These functions are variously called generally “reflexive”, “middle”, “reciprocal”, or “tolerative” (depending on the verbal root), and often sound active when glossed into English (the third verb in Gn 19.17 is a passive nifal).

…

^v,p.n:-l[; jleM'hi

“Escape for your life … to the hill country

`hp,S'Ti-!P, jleM'hi hr'h'h'

so that you are not [lest you be] swept away” (Gn 19.17).

tyrIK. lx;n:B. T'r>T;s.nIw>

… and hide at the Wadi Cherith (1 Kg 17.3)

~k,l' ~xeL'yI hwhy

YHWH will fight for you (Ex 14.14).

18.3 Frequency

The nifal occurs 4,140 times in the Bible (6% of all verbal forms); it is more frequent in the latter prophets and poetic books than in Genesis – 2 Kings.

18.4 Concepts

active middle reciprocal tolerative

double-status passive reflexive

18.5 Vocabulary

still, yet, again;

_{dA[ al{}

, no

longer, not [never] again

dA[

.269 or (cj.)

Aa

.260

[whole] burnt offering

_hl'[o

.270 light (n.)

_rAa

.261

now [at this time]

_hT'[:

.271 only, surely (adv.)

%a;

.262

“therefore” (esp. when followed

by a volitional form cf. §8.6)

hT'[:w>

wise, skilled (adj.)

~k'x'

.263

shepherd (Q Ptc)

_h[,ro

.272 court, enclosure, settlement

_rcex'

.264

joy, rejoicing, gladness

_hx'm.fi

.273 therefore (

!Ke

+ -

l.

); not usually followed

by a volitional form)

!kel'

.265

sun

_vm,v,©

.274 for the sake of, on account of (prp.); in

order that/to (cj.)

![:m;©l.

.266

judge (Q Ptc)

_jpevo

.275 very, exceedingly (adv.); power, might (n.)

daom.

.267

find; be found (N)

_ac'm'

.268

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III.18. Other Stems 159

18.6 Distribution of the Stems

The occurrence of the stems varies widely, as this table shows. Slightly more than two-thirds of all verbal forms in Biblical Hebrew are qal.145

Stems Occurrences % of Total

Qal146 ₄₉₈₄₇ _67.4% Qal Passive 1277 1.7% Nifal 4125 5.6% Piel 6879 9.3% Pual 450 0.6% Hitpael 1177 1.6% Hifil 9671 13.1% Hofal 531 0.7% Total 73957 18.7 Exercises

After studying the characteristics of the nifal, gloss these sentences and clauses, parsing the verbs, which contain both qal and nifal forms.

Jg 8.32;

_rb,q,

tomb of; Joash

_{wybia' va'Ay rb,q,B. rbeQ'YIw:}

Jb 28.12a … 13b;

_!yIa;©me

[from] where?;

_~yYIx;

life, living (“wisdom” is the subject of the

clause)

…

_{aceM'Ti !yIa;me hm'k.x'h;w>}

`~yYIx;h; #r,a,B. aceM'ti al{w>

Ex 22.3;

Adyb.

in his hand;

hb'nUG>

stolen thing …

hb'nUG>h; Ady"b. aceM'ti aceM'hi-~ai

.3 Lv 25.54;

laeG"yI

he/it will be redeemed;

hL,ae

these [means of redemption];

acy

go out;

lbeAy

Jubilee

lbeYOh; tn:v.Bi ac'y"w> hL,aeB. laeG"yI al{-~aiw>

`AM[i wyn"b'W aWh

2 Kg 14.14;

_xq;l'w>

and he took;

_hrcao

storehouse

~yaic'm.NIh; ~yliKeh;-lK' taew> @s,K,h;w>-bh'Z"h;-lK'-ta, xq;l'w>

%l,M,h; tyBe tArc.aob.W hw"hy>-tyBe

Jr 51.8; Babylon

_{rbeV'Tiw: lb,b' hl'p.n"}

Gn 2.4;

_tAdl.AT

generations;

_arb

create

_{~a'r>B'hiB. #r,a'h'w> ~yIm;V'h; tAdl.At hL,ae}

1 Sa 4.11 [-

_w:

_{is due to hatef-patah. under -}

_a]

not to preterite]

xq'l.nI ~yhil{a/ !Ara]w:

Dn 12.1

_{rp,SeB; bWtK' ac'm.NIh;-lK'}

Ps 37.28;

dysx

pious, godly, kind (each line

is a clause)

jP'v.mi bheao hw"hy> yKi

.10

wyd'ysix]-ta, bzO[]y:-al{w>

Wrm'v.nI ~l'A[l.

`tr'k.nI ~y[iv'r> [r;z<w>

145. Statistics vary from source to source. Statistics in this book are based on Dean Forbes & Francis I. Andersen, Vocabulary of the Old Testament (Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1975).

146. Some of qal’s relative frequency reflects some common verbs (

_rma

_hyh

), but verbs that occur in qal and other stems tend to occur most frequently in qal.

PUTNAM Book.indb 159

160 Biblical Hebrew

Zc 9.10b;

_tv,q,©

bow;

_rB,dIw>

he will speak (3ms D P+w);

_sp,a,

end;

_lv'm'

dominion, rule, realm (each line is a clause)

hm'x'l.mi tv,q,© ht'r>k.nIw>

.11

~yIAGl; ~Alv' rB,dIw>

`#r,a'-ysep.a;-d[; rh'N"miW ~y"-d[; ~Y"mi Wlv.m'W

Ne 13.1;

arq

read;

aAby"

he may enter (3ms Q F);

lhq

assembly; Moses, Ammonite(s), Moabite(s)

~['h' ynEz>a'B. hv,mo rp,seB. ar'q.nI aWhh; ~AYB;

.12

AB bWtK' ac'm.nIw>

`~l'A[-d[; ~yhil{a/h' lh;q.Bi ybia'moW ynIMo[; aAby"-al{ rv,a]

Ps 139.16; -

LKu

lOK

with suffixes

WbteK'yI ~L'Ku ^r>p.si-l[;w>

.13

1 Sa 1.13 (“her” refers to Hannah)

_{[:meV'yI al{ Hl'Aqw>}

.14

Gn 9.11;

_lWBm;

flood (only used of “Noah’s flood” and in Ps 29.10);

_txv

destroy (D); the speaker is YHWH

lWBM;h; yMemi dA[ rf'B'-lK' treK'yI-al{w>

.15

`#r,a'h' txev;l. lWBm; dA[ hy<h.yI-al{w>

2 Kg 22.13;

_d[;B.

on behalf of;

_l[;

concerning,

about

hd'Why>-lK' d[;b.W ~['h'-d[;b.W ydI[]B; hwhy-ta, Wvr>dI

.16 …

hZ<h; ac'm.NIh; rp,Seh; yreb.DI-l[;

hZ<h; rp,Seh; yreb.DI-l[; Wnyteboa] W[m.v'-al{ rv,a] l[;

Ps 34.19a

_{ble-yreB.v.nIl. hwhy bArq'}

.17

Nu 9.13

.18

1 Kg 2.10

_{`dwID' ry[iB. rbeQ'YIw: wyt'boa]-~[i dwID' bK;v.YIw:}

.19

1 Sa 4.22;

_yai

no;

_hlG

depart

_{laer'f.YImi dAbk' hl'G" rmoale dAbk'-yai r[;N:l; ar'q.Tiw:}

.20

`~yhil{a/h' !Ara] xq;l.nI yKi

Ps 37.17;

[:Arz>

arm (fem.);

%ms

[to] support

[Each line is a clause.]

hn"r>b;V'Ti ~y[iv'r> tA[Arz> yKi

.21

`hw"hy> ~yqiyDIc; %meAsw>

18.8 Enrichment: Nifal vs. Hitpael?

A much-debated point of interpretation in Genesis pits the nifal and hitpael (Lesson 19) against each other—the translation of these verses has even been made a test of the orthodoxy of English translations. In YHWH’s covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, the divine promise of widespread

blessing is repeated five times—three times using the nifal, twice with the hitpael:

`hm'd'a]h' txoP.v.mi lKo ^b. Wkr>b.nIw>

… … and in you all the clans of the earth shall

be blessed (Gn 12.3b) [N]

hm'd'a]h' txoP.v.mi-lK' ^b. Wkr]b.nIw>

…

`^[,r>z:b.W

… and in you all the clans of the earth shall

be blessed and in your seed (Gn 28.14) [N]

#r,a'h' yyEAG lKo Ab Wkr>b.nIw>

… … and in him all nations of the earth shall be

blessed (Gn 18.18) [N]

#r,a'h' yyEAG lKo ^[]r>z:b. Wkr]B't.hiw>

… … and in your seed all nations of the earth

shall bless themselves (Gn 22.18) [Dt]

`#r,a'h' yyEAG lKo ^[]r>z:b. Wkr]B't.hiw>

… and in your seed all nations of the earth

shall bless themselves (Gn 26.4) [Dt]

The usual approaches to this apparent conundrum assume that all five statements repeat the same promise. They therefore either (1) assign priority to the hitpael forms of the promise, claiming that the promise is middle/reflexive (“shall bless themselves” i.e., by invoking the name

PUTNAM Book.indb 160

III.18. Other Stems 161

of Abraham—“May you be blessed [or May YHWH bless you] as he blessed Abraham!”); (2) claim that

all five statements are passive (“shall be blessed in/through Abram”), since that is the primary func- tion of the nifal; (3) suggest that there is no real difference between the two forms of the promise. The first interpretation tends to deny that the hitpael can be passive; the second seeks to demon- strate that passivity is a normal function of the hitpael (as above). The third refuses to assign priority to one or the other.

Perhaps instead of choosing one of these interpretations as the “correct” intent of the divine promise, we should conclude that its different forms were intended to be complementary, and they record what are in fact two separate but interlinked promises. The promise(s) could mean that “clans/nations of the earth shall be blessed through the divine covenant with Abraham” (Abraham as a channel or means of blessing), and “shall bless themselves by or in Abraham” (invoking Abraham’s blessings on oneself or someone else). This approach allows the different stems to reflect two different—but related—outcomes of YHWH’s prior promise to bless and exalt Abram.

This example illustrates the importance of examining the context(s) within which a verbal root occurs in different stems, and of assuming that morphological differences are intentional and func- tional, rather than being merely arbitrary, stylistic, or mistaken.

PUTNAM Book.indb 161

PUTNAM Book.indb 162

Lesson 19

T

D-S

TEMS

(P

IEL

, P

UAL

, H

ITPAEL

)

Piel, pual, and hitpael are also called “D-stems”, since they all have a doubled (or “geminated”) middle radical. This dageå forte is the primary diagnostic of the D-stems. Like qal—but unlike nifal—D and Dp have no prefix in the imperative and infinitives; Dt (hitpael) always has an ortho-

graphic prefix. Further, these stems are relatively stable in form, since the first syllable of the root is closed due to the doubled middle radical.

Many verbs that occur in one or more D-stems also occur in qal. The function of the two sets of forms (Q & D) may not be related, just as the functions of nifal and qal are not necessarily related. Each verbal root-stem combination must be analyzed and evaluated on its own terms, on the basis of its occurrences and use(s) in the biblical text. There is no “pure” or “absolute” one-to-one relation- ship between them.

The main difference between piel and pual—in fact, the only difference in many forms—is the vowel under the first radical. If it is a i- or a-vowel (h

i

ireq or patah) the verb is piel; if it is an o- or u-

i

vowel (qibbuß or h

i

olem), it is pual. All forms of hitpael has a closed prefix syllable (e.g., -

t.hi

, -

t.yI

, -

t.mi

19.1 Form

Perfect

Person Gender D Dp Dt

Singular

1st Common

_yTil.V;mi

_yTil.V;mu

_{yTil.V;m;t.hi}

2nd Masc.

T'l.V;mi

T'l.V;mu

T'l.V;m;t.hi

Fem.

_T.l.V;mi

_T.l.V;mu

_T.l.V;m;t.hi

3rd Masc.

_lVemi

_lV;mu

_lVem;t.hi

Fem.

_hl'V.mi

_hl'V.mu

_hl'V.m;t.hi

Plural

1st Common

_Wnl.V;mi

_Wnl.V;mu

_Wnl.V;m;t.hi

2nd Masc.

~T,l.V;mi

~T,l.V;mu

~T,l.V;m;t.hi

Fem.

_!T,l.V;mi

_!T,l.V;mu

_{!T,l.V;m;t.hi}

3rd Common

_WlV.mi

_WlV.mu

_WlV.m;t.hi

1. The middle radical is doubled (has dageå forte) in all forms of the D-stems.

N.B.: If the middle radical of a verbal form is a be_gad-ke_{fat letter, it will have dageå lene when-}

ever the first radical is followed by silent åewa (e.g.,

bK;v.YIw:

, and he lay down). This means that a dageå in the middle radical does not always mean that the verb is a D-form. 2. There is always a full vowel under the first radical in all forms of the D-stems.

3. Like qal, piel and pual have no prefix in the perfect (unlike nifal, hifil, hofal, hitpael,

which have prefixes in all forms).

PUTNAM Book.indb 163

164 Biblical Hebrew

4. The PGN indicators are the same in all stems.

5. The closed syllable does not change; the vowel after the first radical is consistent

throughout the perfect of each D stem, as are the prefix and first root syllable of hitpael:

lVmi

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