A.S 117233 20190102 UNICO ACCIONISTA MATRICULA DE ESTABLECIMIENTO DE COMERCIO RM15-174965 : 2019-01-24 TALLER DE LATONERIA Y

lVm;t.hi

Dt Prefix Conjugations Imperfect (= Preterite) Person Gender D Dp Dt Singular

1st Common

_lVem;a]

_lV;mua]

_lVem;t.a,

2nd Masc.

lVem;T.

lV;muT.

lVem;t.Ti

Fem.

_yliV.m;T.

_yliV.muT.

_yliV.m;t.Ti

3rd Masc.

_lVem;y>

_lV;muy>

_lVem;t.yI

Fem.

_lVem;T.

_lV;muT.

_lVem;t.Ti

Plural

1st Common

_lVem;n>

_lV;mun>

_lVem;t.nI

2nd Masc.

WlV.m;T.

WlV.muT.

WlV.m;t.Ti

Fem.

_hn"l.Vem;T.

_hn"l.V;muT.

_{hn"l.Vem;t.Ti}

3rd Masc.

_WlV.m;y>

_WlV.muy>

_WlV.m;t.yI

Fem.

_hn"l.Vem;T.

_hn"l.V;muT.

_{hn"l.Vem;t.Ti}

1. The middle radical is doubled in all forms of the D-stems (see note above).

2. Piel and pual have the same prefix vowel (åewa) in imperfect, preterite (and participle; below); hitpael uses the same prefix vowel (hireq) throughout its conjugations:

lVmy>

D, Dp

lVm;t.yI

Dt

3. In all forms of piel except the perfect, the first radical is followed by pata˙.

4. In all forms of pual, the first radical is followed by qibbuß (usually) or ˙olem (if the

middle radical is a guttural or reå).

5. The PGN prefixes replace the initial -

h

of hitpael (as in the H-stems, below).

6. The preterite of all three stems is identical to the imperfect (with prefixed -

w:

plus dageå

forte). The exception is the -

y

prefix (3ms, 3mp), which lacks the dageå:

~yhil{a/ ATai rBed;y>w:

And God spoke with him, …(Gn 17.3)

~ypir'F.h; ~yvix'N>h; tae ~['B' hwhy xL;v;y>w:

~['h';-ta, WbV.n:y>w:

And YHWH sent among the people fiery serpents,

and they bit the people (Nu 21.6) Imperative

Person Gender D Dt

Sg. 2nd

Masc.

_lVem;

_lVem;t.hi

Fem.

_yliV.m;

_yliV.m;t.hi

Pl. 2nd

Masc.

_WlV.m;

_WlV.m;t.hi

Fem.

_hn"l.Vem;

_{hn"l.Vem;t.hi}

PUTNAM Book.indb 164

III.19. The D-Stems (Piel, Pual, Hitpael) 165

1. The imperative of piel looks exactly like the imperfect without the prefix.

2. The -

t.hi

prefix of hitpael occurs in all forms except imperfect, preterite, and participle (below).

3. Pual does not occur in the imperative.

Infinitives

D Dt

Construct

_lVem;

_lVem;t.hi

Absolute

_lVom;

_lVom;t.hi

1. Both infinitives often look exactly like ms imperative in piel and hitpael; context will deter- mine which conjugation is being used.

2. Pual does not occur as infinitive construct.

3. Pual occurs once as infinitive absolute (

yTib.N:GU bNOGU

, I was surely stolen; Gn 40.15).

Participles

Gender D Dp Dt

Sg.

Masc.

_lVem;m.

_lV'mum.

_lVem;t.mi

Fem.

_hl'V.m;m.

_hl'V'mum.

_hl'V.m;t.mi

Pl.

Masc.

_~yliV.m;m.

_~yliV'mum.

_~yliV.m;t.mi

Fem.

_tAlV.m;m.

_tAlV'mum.

_tAlV.m;t.mi

1. Every form begins with -

m

, which is the participial prefix for all stems except qal and

nifal.

2. The prefix vowel is the same as for the imperfect and preterite:

-

m.

D, Dp -

_m;t.mi

Dt

N.B.: When the middle radical is followed by vocal åewa, the dageå forte is often missing from certain consonants, especially

l

,

m

, and

q

. The middle radical of

llh

, praise, for example, is never doubled when followed by a half-vowel, although it is written with two ls in English: Halleluiah.

Hy"-Wll.h;

Praise YAH! (Ps 150.1)

hwhy-ta, Wvq.biW

… and seek YHWH! (Ho 3.5)

Summary of the Hitpael

1. Due to its prefix (-

t.hi

, -

t.yI

, etc.), some forms of Dt differ from those given above.

2. If the verbal root begins with a sibilant (

z s c f v

), the

t

of the prefix metathesizes (switches places with) the first letter of the verbal root (e.g.,

rMeT;v.a,w"

<

rmv

).147

3. If the verbal root begins with

c

(e.g.,

qdc

), the

t

of the prefix metathesizes with the

c

, and partially assimilates to it, becoming

j

(e.g.,

qDej;c.hi

).

147. In the only I-

z

verb in hitpael, the

t

of the prefix assimilates to, and doubles the

z

(

WKZ:hi

, Is 1.16; this parsing is disputed).

PUTNAM Book.indb 165

166 Biblical Hebrew

4. If the verbal root begins with a dental (

d j t

), the

t

of the prefix assimilates to, and thus doubles, it (e.g.,

rBeD;mi

= m.s. hitpael Ptc of

rbD

< ∗_{mitdabb™r).}148

5. The relatively frequent verbal root

hxv

, “bow, honor, do obeisance; worship”149 _{(170x) occurs}

in forms that begin -

T;v.hi

, etc., which have traditionally been parsed as hitpael of

hxv

, with the expected metathesis of the

t

and

v

:

hw"x]T;v.hi

, he bowed;150 _{its participial prefix is -}

_m

_.

These are all the forms of this verb in Biblical Hebrew (note the subtle difference between

3ms preterite and 3mp preterite, which are the most frequent forms):

PGN Perfect Imperfect Preterite Imv.

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

1c

_{ytiywEx]T;v.hi}

_{hw<x]T;v.nI hw<x]T;v.a,w"}

_{hw<x]T;v.NIw:}

2m

_{t'ywIx]T;v.hi ~t,ywIx]T;v.hi}

_hw<x]T;v.Ti

_Wwx]T;v.hi

2fs

_ywIx]T;v.hi

3m

_hw"x]T;v.hi

_Wwx]T;v.hi

WWx]T;v.hi

hw<x]T;v.yI

Wwx]T;v.yI

WxT;v.YIw:

WWx]T;v.YIw:

Wwx]T;v.YIw:

3f

_WxT;v.Tiw:

_{!'yw<x]T;v.Tiw:}

NC

_tAwx]T;v.hi

Ptc ms

_hw<x]T;v.mi

mp

_~ywIx]T;v.mi

19.2 D-Stem Diagnostics

This chart summarizes the main clues for recognizing a D or Dp form.

Conjugation Diagnostics Example Parsing

Perfect

dageå forte

in middle radical

no prefix

i/e-vowel under I (D)

_dBeKi

3ms D P

u/o-vowel under I (Dp)

_dB;Ku

3ms Dp P

Imperative & Infinitive

a-vowel under I (D, Dt);

_WdB.K;

mp D V

these forms not in Dp

_dBeK;

D NC

Imperfect åewa under prefix -

_{· uy>}

(Dp) -

_{· ;y>}

(D)

lD;gUy>

3ms Dp F -

·

uT.

(Dp) -

· ;T.

(D)

hn"d>Be©k;T.

2/3fp D F

Preterite -

·

uy>w:

(Dp) -

· ;y>w:

(D)

lDeg:y>w:

3ms D Pr

Participle -

_m.

_~ydIB.k;m.

mp D Ptc

148. ∗in front of a transliterated form means that the form is a hypothetical reconstruction.

149.

_hxv

is often glossed “bow [down]”, but this does not fit a number of contexts in which it describes a person who is already bowing (e.g., 2 Sa 14.4, 22; 1 Kg 1.31; 1 Chr 21.21; 29.20; 2 Chr 7.3), or who cannot “bow” because they are, e.g., in bed (1 Kg 1.47).

150. Although this parsing has been challenged (based on Ugaritic), it remains the simplest interpretation of the forms.

PUTNAM Book.indb 166

III.19. The D-Stems (Piel, Pual, Hitpael) 167

1. All D forms have a doubled middle radical.

2. The only forms of D & Dp that have a stem prefix are imperfect, preterite and participle; the

prefix vowel is always a half-vowel.

3. Dt always has a prefixed stem syllable; the prefix syllable is either –

t.hi

(P, V, NC), -

t.yI

(F, Pr), or –

t.mi

(Ptc).

4. Comparing the Stems. This chart reveals the differences and similarities between the various stems. Note the the similarity between the D-stems as a group:

Conjugation PGN Q N D Dp Dt

Perfect 3ms

_lv;m'

_lv;m.nI

_lVemi

_{lV;mu lVem;t.hi}

Imperfect 3ms

_lvom.yI

_lveM'yI

_lVem;y>

_lV;muy>

_lVem;t.yI

Preterite 3ms

_lvom.YIw:

_lveM'YIw:

_∗

_lVem;y>w:

_∗

_{lV;muy>w: lVem;t.YIw:}

Imperative 2ms

_lvom.

_lveM'hi

_lVem;

_lVem;t.hi

Inf. Const.

_lvom.

_lveM'hi

_lVem;

_lVem;t.hi

Inf. Abs.

_lAvm'

_lvoM'hi

_lVom;

_{lVomu lVom;t.hi}

Participle ms

_lvemo

_lv'm.nI

_lVem;m.

_lV'mum.

_lVem;t.mi

∗The yod prefix is not doubled in piel and pual preterite—the other PGN prefixes are doubled, just as in qal, nifal, and hitpael.

19.3 Function of the D-Stems 19.3.1 Piel (HBI §2.1.4)

Piel is an active stem. Although the function of verbs in the piel is often related to the qal of the

same stem (if it occurs), the piel is not primarily derived from or dependent upon the function of the

qal, but has its own identify and function, which must be established for each verb.

1. If a verbal root occurs in both Q and D, the piel often describes the action that causes or

brings about the state or condition described by the qal, especially if the verb is stative in qal (1 Ch 29.25; Lam 4.6 is for comparison of both function and form). This use of piel is often called “factitive” or “resultative” because it is said to describe the action that results in or brings about the state.

~dos. taJ;x;me yMi[;-tB; !wO[] lD;g>YIw:

The guilt of the daughter of my people is greater than the sin of Sodom (Lam 4.6; 3ms Q Pr).

hmol{v.-ta, hwhy lDeg:y>w:

YHWH exalted Solomon … (1 Ch 29.25; 3ms D

Pr).

yTil.D;GI ~ynIB'

I raised sons … (Is 1.2; 1cs D P).

`^yQ,xu dm;l.a, ![;m;l. ytiyNE[u-yki yli-bAj

It is good for me that I have humbled so that

I might learn your statutes (Ps 119.71; 1cs Q F).

`^yQ,xu ynIdeM.l; byjimeW hT'a;-bAj

You are good and [you] do good; teach me your statutes (Ps 119.68; ms D V + 1cs).

~t'Olm.fi WsB.k;y>w: ~['h'-ta, vDeq;y>w:

He sanctified the people and they washed their clothes (Ex 19.14; 3ms D Pr).

WvD'q;t.hi ~['h'-la, [:vuAhoy> rm,aYOw:

Joshua said to the people, “Sanctify yourselves” (Jos 3.5).

2. Many verbs, especially those that occur only or primarily in piel, sound merely “active” when glossed in English, without any apparent causative function. This is especially true for verbs that occur in piel but not in qal, and for so-called “denominative” verbs. Denomi- native verbs are those that supposedly developed from nouns (e.g.,

rb''D'

>

rBeDi

), a claim that

PUTNAM Book.indb 167

168 Biblical Hebrew

generally means that either there is no parallel verb in another Semitic language, or that the noun is more frequent than the verb. We do not yet know how the lexicon of these roots developed (i.e., from verb to noun, or vice versa).

hn"Ay-ta, [;l{b.li lAdG" gD' hw"hy> !m;y>w:

YHWH appointed a great fish to swallow Jonah

(Jon 2.1; 3ms D Pr).

hL,aeh' ~yrIb'D>h;-ta, hv,mo rBed;y>w:

laer'f.yI ynEB.-lK'-la,

Moses spoke these words to all the sons of Israel (Nu 14.39; 3ms D Pr).

lv'm' ~ypil'a] tv,Olv. rBeD;y>w:

He spoke 3000 proverbs (1 Kgs 5.12).

~t'Olm.fi WsB.k;y>w: ~['h'-ta, vDeq;y>w:

He sanctified the people and they washed their clothes (Ex 19.14; cf. above).

~T,v.Q;bi al{ td,b,aoh'-ta,w>

… and the perishing one [female] you did not

seek (Ezk 34.4).

laer'f.yI yhel{a/ hwhyl. rMez:a]

I will sing to YHWH, Israel’s God (Jg 5.3).

trev'l. dmo[]l; ~ynIh]Koh; Wlk.y"-al{w>

The priests could not stand to serve (1 Kgs 8.11).

~dos. taJ;x;me yMi[;-tB; !A[] lD;g>YIw:

The guilt of the daughter of my people has

become greater than the sin of Sodom (Lam 4.6).

19.3.2 Pual (HBI §2.1.5)

Pual is the passive of piel. Many puals are participles (40%), perhaps because passive verbs are

basically descriptive. These participles often function as adjectives (e.g., Pr 27.5).

`dB'kuy> tx;k;AT rmeAvw>

But whoever regards reproof shall be honored (Pr 13.18).

hd'M'lum. hl'g>[, ~yIr;p.a,w>

And Ephraim is a trained [taught] heifer (Ho 10.11)

aCeM'YIw: rb'D'h; vQ;buy>w:

The matter [plot] was searched out and found (Est 2.23)

…

_{hwhy ~ve %r;bom. yhiy>}

May YHWH’S name be blessed …

`lL'hum. hwhy ~ve

… YHWH’s name is to be praised (Ps 113.2a … 3b)

`tr,T'sum. hb'h]a;me hL'gUm. tx;k;AT hb'Aj

Better an uncovered rebuke than hidden love (Pr 27.5).

19.3.3 Hitpael (HBI §2.1.6)

Much like nifal, hitpael is passive, reflexive, or “reciprocal”. These functions vary from verb

to verb, and even from one text to another. Although the hitpael occurs more frequently than either pual or hofal (below), it is relatively uncommon (only twenty-two verbs occur more than ten times in hitpael). [In Ps 2.2, the parallel hitpael and nifal are apparently reflexive and reciprocal, respectively.]

Ht'a'm.Jumi tv,D,q;t.mi ayhiw>

She cleansed herself from her uncleanness (2 Sam 11.4)

~r'Ay-la,

…

_{aWhyE rVeq;t.YIw:}

Jehu conspired … against Joram (2 Kgs 9.14).

lWav' tybeB. qZEx;t.mi hy"h' rnEb.a;w>

Now Abner was strengthening [his position] in the household of Saul (2 Sam 3.6).

dx;y"-Wds.An ~ynIz>Arw> #r,a,-ykel.m; WbC.y:t.yI

The kings of the earth take their stand, and the rulers counsel [nifal] together (Ps 2.2).

lL'h;t.ti ayhi hwhy-ta;r>yI hV'ai

A woman who fears YHWH —she shall be praised (Pr 31.30; final qames

_i

is due to pausal lengthening).

PUTNAM Book.indb 168

III.19. The D-Stems (Piel, Pual, Hitpael) 169

Compare the qal, piel, pual and hitpael of

ldg

(Ps 144.12 is the only pual occurrence of

ldg

):

^M,mi lD;g>a, aSeKih; qr;

Only [with regard to] the throne am I greater than you (Gn 41.40); 1cs Q F

yTil.D;GI ~ynIB'

Sons I have raised (Is 1.2); 1cs D P

lD'G:t.yI lKo-l[; yKi

For he will exalt himself over all (Dn 11.37); 3ms Dt F

~h,yreW[n>Bi ~yliD'gUm. ~y[ijin>Ki WnynEB'

Let our sons be like full-grown plants in their youth (Ps 144.12a); mp Dp Ptc

N.B.: It is not uncommon to read—especially in older works—that the D-stems are emphatic or intensifying. This “intensifying” function has never been demonstrated, and has, in fact, been disproved, so that today we discuss the “functions” (plural) of the piel, etc., as illustrated above.

19.4 Frequency

There are 8,506 D-forms in the Bible (12% of all verbal forms); piel is by far the most common of the three. D 6,879 9.3% Dp 450 0.6% Dt 1,177 1.6% Total 8,506 11.5% 19.5 Concepts

denominative factitive passive pual reflexive

D-stem hitpael piel reciprocal resultative

19.6 Vocabulary

cover (Q); atone [for] (D)

_{dp: K'}

.284 kneel (I: Q); bless (II: D)

_%d:B'

.276

learn (Q); teach (D)

In document Relación de Matriculados en el Registro Mercantil e Inscritos en los Registros de Entidad sin Animo de Lucro y Economía Solidaria (página 116-121)