de modo que la función MatchQ compara el primer con el segundo parámetro de [3], siendo ambas expresiones iguales salvo en la parte correspondiente al integrando. Por
3.4.4. Acciones del alumno
ELCIN continues to play a significance role in social responsibility as stipulated in Article IV of the Constitution of ELCIN, among others, through preaching the Word of God, through Christian education and social work, by promoting peace, and through mission work (ELCIN Constitution 2001: 12).
When the first missionaries arrived in Ovamboland and embarked on their mission work, teaching and preaching were their major responsibilities. In the process, social development was also achieved, especially through their education efforts. For the missionaries to address the issue of social change they introduced education programmes in all sectors of the church and of their work. Missionaries, for example, introduced medical services to the local people and education formed part of them as they educated the indigenous people about health related issues and their physical wellbeing.
Although the medical experience of the missionaries was limited, their reputation as healers spread far because of the non‐existence of any other medical services. This element of social development received a welcome impetus when a medical doctor, Selma Rainio, arrived from Finland in 1908. Soon after her arrival, the Onandjokwe Finnish Medical Hospital was erected near Oniipa and was officially opened at the end of January 1911.
During the annual mission feast, on the 9th of July (1911), the first hospital in Ovamboland was consecrated. As part of the missionaries’ social development efforts, Dr Rainio was instrumental in establishing a training school for local auxiliary nurses at Onandjokwe in 1930 (Kyronseppa 1970: 12‐13).
Another element in the Finnish missionaries’ early social development work concerned the business sector. As early as, in 1885 Finnish missionaries in Ovambo decided to start a weaving project to cater the local needs. A local woman, Elizabeth Iithono, one of the missionaries’ servants, became the first assistant in this project. The aim was to help other participants and supervise the work. She was later sent to Finland for further training as part of that specific project. From 1899‐1901 a Finnish woman missionary, Hilja, joined the weaving project among Ovambo women (Seppala 1977: 30). This project was developed to the extent that it later became one of the business branches of the church (ELCIN) where, amongst others, all clerical vestments were made, something that continues until today.
The business not only trained and educated local people to become self‐supportive, but also created employment for the community.
In 1952, the Engela Parish Institute was established with the specific purpose of addressing issues of social concern. From its establishment, this pastoral institute has been offering a broad selection of church and community development programmes. These included a vocational training programme in 1969, to provide various skills in different area, a school and a rehabilitation programme for the blind. Further, a wide variety of courses on aspects of church life for Bible study leaders, Sunday school teachers, preachers and elders, to mention only a few had been and continue to be offered (Buys & Nambala 2003: 223).
More on this will be discussed in the next chapter.
3.7 Conclusion
The purpose of this chapter as stated in the introduction was to study the beginning, growth and impact of missionaries’ activities in the Ovambo area. The early mission activities, which resulted in the birth of ELOC and thereafter ELCIN, marked a beginning of the planting of Christianity among the Ovambo people. It gave us the picture of how difficult it was to work in the strange environment. The relationship between missionaries, people and kings helps to appreciate the determination and hard work of missionaries.
Most of the mission stations, as mentioned in this chapter, were developed gradually and became important centres of the church. Some of these are still in existence as parishes, museums, schools and hospitals.
The chapter further reflected on the progress made by missionaries to lead the mission activities into mission congregations. Thereafter, those congregations developed to the mission church in Ovamboland. Of course, there would have been no congregations without members, which was the first achievement of the mission work. In this sense, the first baptism, which took place in 1883, may be seen as the beginning of the establishment of the church of Christ in Ovamboland. In addition, it was noted that the year 1925 was an important one in the history of ELCIN as it was in that year that the first ordination of the first indigenous pastors took place. Similarly, the first Synod of the Mission Church took place in which the Church Order – another milestone, which served as a guiding document for the missionaries and the young church – was also approved.
The chapter also showed how the new name of the church “ELOC” came about and later ELCIN, and some characteristics of it, especially the way enculturation was brought about, for example with regard to worship in the church. This, it was shown, was also related to efforts toward the transition of power from missionaries to indigenous pastors culminating in Rev Leonard Auala’s election first as moderator (1960) and later as First Bishop of ELCIN (1963). To understand this better, the structure and leadership of ELCIN was discussed.
The chapter ends with references to some of the particular challenges (social, economic and political) ELCIN faced in its history before giving a brief overview of some of the social development activities started by them and some continuing today.
This chapter is important because it gave the general picture of the missionaries’ activities as well as the impact they made that changed not only the life of individuals, but also for the community at large. To understand better how education played a crucial role in the process of social development, the next chapter will give more details on ELCIN’s educational efforts, starting with the early mission education and mission schools.