Acta de constitución del proyecto

6.1 The three short vowels,

ـــَــ

/a/,

ـــُــ

/u/, and

ـــِــ

/i/, also have long variants. They are written by adding one of the following three letters after the short vowel signs. These letters are called in Arabic

دَّﻤَـﻟْا فُوﺮُﺣُ

h

˙uru¯fu l-maddi ‘letters of prolongation’:

Note: In some books long vowels are transliterated as double vowels. Here we use the macron above the vowel to indicate length.

6.2 It should be noted that the combination of the letter la¯m ...

ـﻟ

followed by

alif

ﺎـ...

is called la¯m-

alif and written as

ﻻَ

or

ﻼَـ

.... /la¯/ (not as

ﺎـﻟَ

). Also, the la¯m-

alif

ﻻَ

follows the rule of

alif (1)

ﺎـ...

, which means that it cannot be connected to the following letter (to the left), e.g.

alif

ا

, which is related to fath

˙ah

ــــَــ

/a/ wa¯w

و

, which is related to d

˙ammah

ــــُــ

/u/ ya¯

ي

, which is related to kasrah

ــــِــ

/i/

Short vowels Long vowels

...

ـﺑَ

/ba/

ﺎـَﺑ

/ba¯/, e.g.

بٌﺎـﺑَ

ba¯bun, door ...

ـﺑُ

/bu/

ﻮـﺑُ

/bu¯/, e.g.

رٌﻮـﻧُ

nu¯run, light ...

ـِﺑ

/bi/

ﻲـِﺑ

/bı-/, e.g.

ﻦٌـﻳدِ

dı-nun, religion

مٌﻼَﺳَ

sala¯mun, peace

مَﻻَ

la¯ma, to blame

ﻼّﹰﺣَ

h

6.3

Alif maqs ˙u¯rah

The long vowel /a¯/ at the end of a word can be written with

alif

ﺎَـ...

or, in some words, with ya¯

, but without dots

ﻰـَ...

That ya¯

is then called

ةٌرَﻮﺼُ ﻘْﻣَ ﻒٌ ﻟِأَ

alif maqs

˙u¯rah, e.g.

Note: Certain rules explained in later chapters govern which one of the two
_{alifs is to be used in a word.}

6.4 Dagger or miniature

alif

In some common words the long vowel /a¯/ is written with a miniature

_{alif, also called dagger}

_{alif. As the name suggests, this is a small vertical}

stroke

ــ

ا

ــ

placed above the consonant, replacing the ordinary full

alif

(

ا

), e.g.

6.5 Word stress and syllable structure

Surprisingly enough, the Arabic grammarians did not deal with the position of stress (dynamic accent) in Arabic words. Nevertheless almost all Arabic words must be stressed on one of their syllables, which may be short or long. The stress appears as an increase in vocal intensity as well as a raising of the pitch of voice.

The following general rules are mainly based on the methods of pro- nunciation employed by the reciters of the Quran. In some cases there are variations between different traditions, and the native dialect of the speaker may also influence the pronunciation.

Syllables are divided into short and long. A short syllable consists of a consonant plus a short vowel (CV), whereas a long syllable consists of: (1) a consonant plus a long vowel (CV¯), (2) a consonant plus a short vowel plus a consonant (CVC), or (3) a consonant plus a long vowel

ﻰﻠَﻋَ

ala¯, on

ىوَرَ

rawa¯, to tell

ﻰﻣَرَ

rama¯, to throw

اﺬَه

ا (not:

اذَﺎﻫَ

)

ﻦَّﻜِا

ا (not:

ﻦَّﻛِﻻَ

)

ﻚَﻟِﺬ

ا (not:

ﻚَﻟِاذَ

) ha¯d

¯a¯, this la¯kinna, but d¯a¯lika, that

22 Long vowels,

alif maqs ˙u¯rah, dagger

alif, word stress

plus a consonant (CV¯C). No syllable can start with more than one consonant.

1a) The stress falls on the first long syllable counting from the end of the word. However, the final syllable cannot itself carry the stress, except when the word has only one syllable, e.g. yak-tu-bu¯-na,

qal-bun,

uq-tu-lu¯, ka-tab-tum, ka-tab-tun-na, mam-la-ka-tun, d

¯u¯. (The hyphens here indicate syllable not morpheme junctures.)

1b) Another tradition holds that if the first long syllable is the fourth syllable counting from the end or any syllable before that syllable, then the third syllable counting from the end receives the stress, e.g. mam-la-ka-tun.

2) If there is no long syllable or if only the last syllable is long, the first syllable receives the stress, e.g. ka-ta-ba, qa-ta-lu¯, sa-ma-ka- tun, sa-ma-ka-tu-hu-ma¯. According to another tradition, in these cases the stress cannot be retracted to an earlier position than the third syllable counting from the end. E.g. sa-ma-ka-tun, sa-ma-ka-

tu-hu-ma¯.

3) The stress cannot normally fall on the definite article

al- or a

prefixed preposition or conjunction, e.g.

al-ya-du, ka-d

¯a¯, wa-ra-

mat.

Note: The final short vowel or final syllable of certain word endings to be dealt with later tend to be left out in pronunciation, especially in pausa (at the end of a sentence). Yet the given stress rules still apply in most cases, if you bear in mind that the final vowel or syllable has been lost. E.g. maf-hu¯m(-un), mad-ra- sa(-tun), sa-ma-ka(-tun), lub-na¯-nı¯ (lub-na¯-niy-yun).

Exercises

Read and practise your handwriting:

ف

ٌ وﺮُـﺣُ

ﺮٍﻴـﻔِـﺳَ

ﻢٌﻳﺮِـﻛَ

ﻰﻣَرَ

ارًﺎﻤَـﺣِ

(1) h

˙uru¯fun safı-rin karı-mun rama¯ h˙ima¯ran

letters ambassador generous to throw donkey 23

Long vowels,

alif maqs ˙u¯rah, dagger

alif, word stress

Read, practise your handwriting and transliterate:

ﻦٌﻳﺰِـﺣَ

ﺮٍـﺟِﺎﺗَ

ﺎﻌًـﺳِ اوَ

هِﺬِﻫ

ا

ﻻًﺎﺣَ

(2) h

˙azı-nun ta¯g˘irin wa¯si



an ha¯d

¯ihi h˙a¯lan

sad merchant wide this (f.) immediately

ﻲٌّـﺣَ

ﺎـﻤَّـﻟَ

ﻲﻓِ

ىوَرَ

اﺪًـﻳﺪِـﺟَ

(3) h

˙ayyun lamma¯ fı- rawa¯ g˘adı-dan

living when in to tell new

حٌورُ

ﺎﻓًﻮـﺻُ

ىﺮَﺟَ

ازًﺎﺒَّـﺧَ

كَﺎﻨَﻫُ

(4) ru¯h

˙un s˙u¯fan g˘ara¯ h˘abba¯zan huna¯ka

soul, spirit wool to run baker there

نٌﻮـﻧُﺎـﻗَ

ﺎﻃًﺎـﻴَّـﺧَ

دٍاﺪَّـﺣَ

ﺎﺒًﻳﺮِﻗَ

ﻰﻨَﺑَ

(5) qa¯nu¯nun h

˘ayya¯t˙an h˙adda¯din qarı-ban bana¯

law tailor blacksmith near to build

يٌّﺮِﺼْ ـﻣِ

ﻻًﺎﻤَّﺣَ

ﻦٌﻴﻤِﺳَ

جٍﺎﺟَزُ

ﺎﺑًﺎﺤَﺳَ

(6) Egyptian porter fat glass clouds

ﻖٌﻳﺮِﻃَ

قٍﻮـﺳُ

ﻦٍﻴﻛَّـﺳِ

ﻰﻜَﺑَ

ﺎﺟًﺎﺟَدَ

(7) road marketplace knife to cry poultry

س

ٌ ورُدُ

رٍﻮﻔُﺼْ ـﻋُ

ﺎﺑًﻼَـﻛِ

نٌﻮﺘُﻳْزَ

ﺎﻣًﻼَﻛَ

(8) lessons bird dogs olives talk

ف

ٌ ﻮﻴُـﺿُ

اﺮًﻳﺰِـﻨْـﺧِ

ﺎﺣًﻼَّـﻓَ

ﺲٌ ﺑِﺎﻳَ

ﺪٍـﻟِاوَ

(9) guests pig peasant dry father

ﺢٌﻳرِ

ﻰﻌَﺳَ

ﻞٌﻫِﺎﺟَ

ﻲٌّﻤِﻠْﻋِ

ﻻًاﺰَﻏَ

(10) wind to strive ignorant scientific gazelle

ﺮٍﻳزِوَ

ﺎﺒًﻳﺮِﻏَ

زٍﻮﺠُﻋَ

ﻲٌّﺑِﺮَﻋَ

بٌاﺮَـﺷَ

(11) minister strange old Arab drink

ﻒ

ٌ ﻴـﻌِﺿَ

ﻒٍ ﻴﻄِﻟَ

ادًﻼَﺑِ

رٌﻮﻬُـﺸْ ﻣَ

ﻻًﺎﺣَ

(12) weak kind, gentle countries famous immediately 24 Long vowels,

alif maqs ˙u¯rah, dagger

alif, word stress

Write in Arabic:

Note: The words below all have the ordinary
alif (

ا

) and not the
alif maqs

˙u¯rah

ى

or the dagger

alif (’). This is to avoid misunderstandings at this

stage.

ﻻًﻼَﺣَ

ﻻًدِﺎﻋَ

ﺎﻧَدَ

ﻪٌﻳﺰِﻧَ

ﻪٍﻴﺒِﻧَ

(13) permitted just to come near honest smart

ﺎﻣًﻼَـﺳَ

ﺎﻔًﻴﻈِﻧَ

ﻲٌّﺳِﺮْـﻛُ

مٍﺎﺤَّـﻟَ

ﺎﻫًﺎﻴَﻣِ

(14) peace clean chair butcher waters

ﺎﻳَّرِﻮﺳُ

ﻚَﻟِﺬ

ا

ﺎًﻴّﺳِ ﺎﻴَﺳِ

قٌوﺪُﻨْـﺻُ

بَاذَ

(15) Syria that politician box to melt

(16) ba¯rı-su su¯riyya¯



a¯dilan hubu¯t

˙in s˙iya¯mun

Paris Syria just lowering fasting

(17) ba¯sˇa¯ wa¯g˘iban g˘a¯su¯san d

¯˙uru¯fun h˘irrı-g˘an

pasha duty spy circumstances graduate

(18) bah

˙h˙a¯run s˙awwa¯nin d¯˙ala¯mun mustasˇa¯rin



abı-dan

sailor flint darkness adviser slaves

(19) bah

˘ı-lan su



a¯lan mu



adda¯tun manqu¯sˇin naha¯

stingy cough equipment engraved to forbid

(20) h

˘amran muha¯g˘irun s˙iya¯h˙in ha¯g˘ara d˙ubba¯t˙un

wine emigrant shouting to emigrate officers

(21) zawg˘an



a¯man minsˇa¯run zayya¯tun na¯t ˙u¯run

husband year saw oil-seller guard

(22) badawiyyin ta



a¯wunin g˙adı-rin fawa¯riqu h ˘ursˇu¯fun Bedouin co-operation pool differences artichoke

(23) ba¯raza za¯ra



ad

¯˙ı-mun faransiyyun tazawwag˘a

to duel to visit great Frenchman to marry

(24)



ira¯qiyyun h

˘azza¯nan mah˘s˙u¯s˙in zawa¯riqu h˘art˙u¯sˇan

Iraqi reservoir special boats bullets

25 Long vowels,

alif maqs ˙u¯rah, dagger

alif, word stress

26

Chapter 7

Hamzah (hamzatu l-qat

˙



i)

and the maddah sign

7.1 Hamzah or hamzatu l-qat

˙



_i,

_{ﻊِﻄْﻘَﻟْ ةُﺰَﻤْﻫَ}

_{, means the cutting}

or disjunctive hamzah. Hamzah is considered to represent the first letter of the alphabet and it has a full consonantal value like other consonants. (Arabic grammarians refer to

alif as the

alif hamzah.)

The sign of hamzah was added to the Arabic script at a rather late stage. Therefore hamzah does not have a real independent form comparable to the other consonant letters. Hamzah is written with the special sign

ء

, which is transliterated as /

/.

7.2 The sound of hamzah exists in European languages in speech but is not represented in writing. In Arabic it is both heard and written. Phonetically it is a glottal stop, pronounced as a catch in the throat by holding one’s breath and suddenly releasing it. This sound occurs as follows in some other languages:

In Cockney English ‘little bottle’ is pronounced as /li

l bo

l/, i.e. with two glottal stops.

In German, beobachten ‘to consider’, is pronounced as /be

obachten/.

Vereisen, ‘to freeze, be frozen’, is pronounced as /fer

aizen/, but the word

verreisen, meaning ‘to travel away’ has no glottal stop. Iss auch ein Ei!

‘Eat also an egg!’, is pronounced as /

iss

auch

ain

Ai!/.

Note: Hamzah

ء

/
/ should not be confused with the completely different letter _ayn

_ع

_/_{/ in either pronunciation or transliteration.}

In document Análisis y mejora del indicador de confiabilidad en los equipos de recolección Ciudad Limpia Neiva S.A. E.S.P. (página 62-68)