Formato para la resolución de conflictos y gestión de expectativas

24.1 Interrogative particles

مِﺎﻬَﻔْﺘِﺳْ ﻻِْ فُ وﺮُﺣُ

(a) A sentence is made interrogative by introducing it with the inter- rogative particle

ﻞْﻫَ

hal, or by prefixing the first word of the sentence with the interrogative particle

..أَ

a.

(b) The particle

أَ

cannot be used before a word having the definite article

..ـﻟْأَ

. It can, however, be joined to another word which begins with

...أَ

, e.g.

Remember:

ﻞْﻫَ

becomes

ﻞِﻫَ

before hamzatu l-was

˙li (was˙lah). This

form is used to avoid three consecutive consonants, e.g.

؟ﺔِﺳَ رَﺪْﻤَـﻟْ ﻲﻓِ ﺪُﻟَﻮَﻟْ ﻞِﻫَ

hali l-waladu fı- l-madrasati? Is the boy at school?

24.2 Interrogative pronouns

مِﺎﻬَﻔْﺘِﺳْ ﻻِْ ﺮُﺋِﺎﻤَﺿَ

In addition to the above interrogative particles, there are several inter- rogative pronouns, the following being the most common:

؟كَﺎﺒَّـﺸُّﻟ ﺖَﺤْﺘَﻓَ ﻞْﻫَ

OR

؟كَﺎﺒَّـﺸُّﻟ ﺖَﺤْﺘَﻓَأَ

hal fatah ˙ta sˇ-sˇubba¯ka?

a-fatah ˙ta sˇ-sˇubba¯ka? Did you open the window?

؟ﺮٌﺟِﺎﺗَ ﺖَﻧْأَ ﻞْﻫَ

OR

؟ﺮٌﺟِﺎﺗَ ﺖَﻧْأَأَ

(a)

؟ﻦْﻣَ

man, ‘who? whom? whose?’

This pronoun may occur as subject, object or in any other nominal function in the sentence. In a nominal sentence

ﻦْﻣَ

is placed before or after a pronominal subject. In an

id

˙a¯fah construction it is, of

course, placed after the first noun, e.g.

Note: Like the following interrogative pronoun

؟ﺎﻣَ

ma¯ ‘what?’,

ﻦْﻣَ

is indeclinable, i.e. it has the same form for all genders, numbers and cases.

(b) When the prefixed preposition

...ـﻟِ

precedes

ﻦْﻣَ

, it has the meaning ‘whose?’, ‘for/to whom?’, e.g.

ﺖُﻴْﺒَﻟْ ﻦِﻤَـﻟِ

li-mani l-baytu? Whose house is it? (lit. For whom is the house?)

Note: In the above sentence

ﻦْﻣَ

gets the kasrah and becomes

ﻦِﻣَ

, because it is followed by hamzatu al-was

˙li (was˙lah).

(c)

؟ﺎﻣَ

ma¯ ‘what?’ may be preceded by the preposition

ـﻟِ

and is then written as

؟ﻢَﻟِ

)

ﺎﻤَـ...

₊

..ـﻟِ

), meaning ‘why? for what?’.

(d) The above-mentioned pronoun has a longer synonym

؟اذَﺎﻣَ

ma¯d

¯a¯ ‘what?’. It can also be preceded by the bound preposition

...ـﻟِ

, giving:

؟اذَﺎﻤَـﻟِ

)

اذَﺎﻤَـ...

+

..ـﻟِ

), which means ‘why? for what?’.

(e)

يٌّأَ

ayyun, masc.,

ﺔٌﻳَّأَ

ayyatun, fem., are adjectival interrogative pronouns meaning ‘which...?, what...?’. They precede the noun they qualify, which is always in the indefinite singular genitive, e.g.

Masc:

؟ﻢٍﻠَّﻌَﻣُ يُّأَ

ayyu mu



allimin, which/what teacher? Fem:

؟ﺔٍﻤَﻠَّﻌَﻣُ ﺔُﻳَّأَ

ayyatu mu



allimatin, which/what teacher?

Note:

يٌّأَ

and

ﺔٌﻳَّأَ

can also be used as (adjectival) indefinite pronouns in the meaning ‘any’, e.g.

؟ﻦْﻣَ ﻮَﻫُ

huwa man?

؟ﻮَﻫُ ﻦْﻣَ

man huwa?

؟ﻦْﻣَ ﺖُﻴْﺑَ

baytu man?

Who is he? Who is he? whose house?

170 Interroga- tive particles and pronouns, vocative particles

نٍﺎﻜَﻣَ يِّأَ ﻦْﻣِ

min
ayyi maka¯nin, from any place

لٍﺎﺣَ ﺔِﻳَّأَ ﻰﻠَﻋَ /ﻲﻓِ

fı¯ / ala¯
ayyati h

˙a¯lin, in any case

(f)

ﻢْﻛَ

‘how many?, how much?’

ﻢْﻛَ

takes the following noun, which it qualifies, in the indefinite accusative singular, e.g.

؟كَﺪَﻨْﻋِ ةًرَﺎﻴَّﺳَ ﻢْﻛَ

kam sayya¯ratan



inda-ka? How many cars do you have?

؟تَأْﺮَﻗَ ﺎﺑًﺎﺘَﻛِ ﻢْﻛَ

kam kita¯ban qara

ta? How many books did you read? 24.3 Vocative particles

ءِاﺪَﻨَّﻟ فُ وﺮُﺣُ

(a) The vocative particles are

ﺎﻳَ

ya¯ for both genders,

ﺎـﻬَﻳُّأَ

ayyuha¯ for the masculine, and

ﺎـﻬَﺘُـﻳَّأَ

ayyatuha¯ for the feminine. They can be rendered as ‘O(h)...!’, ‘Hey (you)...!’, ‘I say...!’ Often they need not be translated at all, the final exclamation mark after the noun or sentence being sufficient.

(b)

ﺎﻳَ

‘O...!’ is followed by a noun (in any number) or proper name in the nominative case without the definite article or nunation, e.g.

(c) In complex titles and compound names, the noun after the vocative particle is followed by another noun and this last noun must be in the genitive case. However, the noun after the vocative particle must be in the accusative instead of the nominative case, e.g.

بُّرَ ﺎﻳَ

ya¯ rabbu! O Lord!

ﻪُﻠّ

ا

ـﻟأَ ﺎﻳَ

ya¯

alla¯hu! O God!

ﻞُﺟُرَ ﺎﻳَ

ya¯ rag˘ulu! O man!

لُﺎﺟَرِ ﺎﻳَ

ya¯ rig˘a¯lu! O men!

ةُﺪَﻴَّﺳَ ﺎﻳَ

ya¯ sayyidatu! O lady!

تُاﺪَﻴَّﺳَ ﺎﻳَ

ya¯ sayyida¯tu! O ladies!

ﻒ

ُ ﺳُ ﻮﻳُ ﺎﻳَ

ya¯ yu¯sufu! O Joseph!

دُﺎﻌَﺳُ ﺎﻳَ

ya¯ su



a¯du! O Suaad!

171 Interroga- tive particles and pronouns, vocative particles

ﺮِﻴﻔِﺴَّ ﻟ ةُدَﺎﻌَﺳَ

sa



a¯datu s-safı-ri, His Excellency the Ambassador

becomes in the vocative:

ﺮِﻴﻔِﺴَّ ﻟ ةَدَﺎﻌَﺳَ ﺎﻳَ

ya¯ sa



a¯data s-safı-ri! (O) Your Excellency Mr. Ambassador!

ﻪِﻠّ

ا

ﻟ ﺪُﺒْﻋَ

abdu-lla¯hi, Abdullah (a name), slave/worshipper of God

becomes in the vocative:

ﻪِﻠّ

ا

ﻟ ﺪَﺒْﻋَ ﺎﻳَ

ya¯



abda-lla¯hi! (O) Abdullah!

(d) The vocative particles

ﺎـﻬَﻳُّأَ

ayyuha¯, masc., and

ﺎـﻬَﺘُـﻳَّأَ

ayyatuha¯, fem., are also used for all numbers. As usual, the following noun is in the nominative case, but it takes the definite article

...ـﻟأ

. These longer vocative particles are often used at the beginning of a speech or by the announcers of radio and television programmes. They may be preceded by the shorter vocative particle

ﺎﻳَ

, e.g.

ﻢُﻠَّﻌَﻤُـﻟْ ﺎﻬَﻳُّأَ ﺎﻳَ / ﺎﻬَﻳُّأَ

ayyuha¯ OR ya¯

ayyuha¯ l-mu



allimu! O teacher!

نَﻮﻤُﻠَّـﻌَﻤُـﻟْ ﺎـﻬَﻳُّأَ ﺎـﻳَ / ﺎﻬَﻳُّأَ

ayyuha¯ OR ya¯

ayyuha¯ l-mu



allimu¯na! O teachers!

ﺔُﻤَـﻠَّﻌَﻤُـﻟْ ﺎﻬَﺘُـﻳَّأَ ﺎـﻳَ / ﺎﻬَﺘُـﻳَّأَ

ayyatuha¯ OR ya¯

ayyatuha¯ l-mu



allimatu! O teacher! (fem.)

تُﺎﻤَـَّﻠﻌَﻤُـﻟْ ﺎﻬَﺘُـﻳَّأَ ﺎﻳَ / ﺎﻬَﺘُـﻳَّأَ

ayyatuha¯ OR ya¯

ayyatuha¯ l-mu



allima¯tu! O teachers! (fem.)

ةُدَﺎﺴ_{َّ ﻟوَ تُاﺪَﻴَّﺴّﻟ ﺎـﻬَﻳُّأَ}

ayyuha¯ s-sayyida¯tu wa-s-sa¯datu! Ladies and gentlemen!

Note: In the last mentioned phrase the masculine vocative particle

ﺎـﻬَﻳُّأَ

is used, because in phrases with mixed gender, the masculine determines agreement.

24.4 Negation with

ﺮُﻴْﻏَ

g˙ayru

(a) The noun

ﺮٌﻴْﻏَ

g˙ayrun, ‘other (than)’, can be used before an indefinite adjective or noun in the genitive case to express negation or contradiction. It is thus translated as ‘not..., non-, un-, in-, dis-’, 172 Interroga- tive particles and pronouns, vocative particles

etc. Note that

ﺮُﻴْﻏَ

then appears without article or nunation (i.e. in the form called construct state), e.g.

رٍدِﺎﻗَ ﺮُﻴْﻏَ

g˙ayru qa¯dirin, unable (other than able)

ﻢًّﻬِﻣُ ﺮُﻴْﻏَ

g˙ayru muhimmin, unimportant

ﻦٍﻜِﻤْﻣُ ﺮُﻴْﻏَ

g˙ayru mumkinin, impossible

ﻲًّﺑِﺮَﻋَ ﺮُﻴْﻏَ

g˙ayru



arabiyyin, not an Arab, non-Arab

دٍﻮﺟُﻮْﻣَ ﺮُﻴْﻏَ

g˙ayru mawg˘u¯din, unavailable, not present, absent, non- existent

(b) When

ﺮُﻴْﻏَ

g˙ayru has a suffixed pronoun, it means ‘other(s) (than)’, e.g.

(c) When

ﺮُﻴْﻏَ

is preceded by a negative predicate or negative particle like

ﻻَ

, it is translated as ‘only’, e.g.

ﺮِﻳﺪِﻤُـﻟْ ﺮُﻴْﻏَ اﺬَﻫ

ا

ﻢُﻠَﻌْﻳَ ﻻَ

la¯ ya



lamu ha¯d

¯a¯ g˙ayru l-mudı-ri.

Only the director knows this. (lit. No one knows this other than

the director).

ﺮُﻴْﻏَ ﻻَ رٍﺎﻨَﻳدِ ﻒُ ﻟْأَ

alfu dı-na¯rin la¯ g˙ayru, only a thousand dinars

(d) When

ﺮٌﻴْﻏَ

precedes

نَّأَ

, as in

نَّأَ ﺮَﻴْﻏَ

, it means ‘except that, neverthe- less, however, but’.

24.5 Negation with

مُﺪَﻋَ

adamu

The noun

مٌﺪَﻋَ



adamun ‘non-being, lack, absence’ or the adjective

مٌﻳﺪِﻋَ



adı¯mun ‘lacking’, can be followed by a noun in the genitive, meaning ‘non-, in-, un-, dis-, -less, lack of...’, etc. The noun

مٌﺪَﻋَ

appears without article or nunation, e.g.

هُﺮُﻴْﻏَوَ ﺮُﻳﺪِﻤُـﻟْأَ

al-mudı-ru wa-g˙ayru-hu

the director (masc.) and others (than him)

ﺎﻫَﺮُﻴْﻏَوَ ةُﺮَﻳﺪِﻤُـﻟْأَ

al-mudı-ratu wa-g˙ayru-ha¯

the director (fem.) and others (than her)

173 Interroga- tive particles and pronouns, vocative particles

دِﻮﺟُﻮُﻟْ مُﺪَﻋَ

adamu l-wug˘u¯di, non-existence

ةِﺮَﺒْﺨِـﻟْ مُﺪَﻋَ

adamu l-h

˘ibrati, inexperience, lack of experience, ignorance

قِﻼَﺧْﻷَْ مُﺪَﻋَ

adamu l-

ah

˘la¯qi, immorality, lack of manners, bad manners

ةِﺎﻴَﺤَـﻟْ ﻢُﻳﺪِﻋَ

adı-mu l-h

˙aya¯ti, lifeless, dead

ﺪٍﺣَأَ رِﻮﻀُ ﺣُ مُﺪَﻋَ

adamu h ˙ud˙u¯ri

ah

˙adin, without anyone being present

24.6 Negation of nominal sentences with

ﻻَ

la¯

The negative particles

ﻻَ

‘no, not’ and

ﻻَوَ

‘neither, nor’ have already been discussed as negative particles for the verb of the imperfect tense. The negative particle

ﻻَ

can also be placed before a noun that functions as the subject of a nominal sentence. The noun must be in the accusative case without article or nunation. The negative particle functions then as an existential or locative negative copula: ‘There is no X’ OR ‘X is not (there)’, e.g.

ﺖِﻴْﺒَﻟْ ﻲﻓِ ﺪَﺣَأَ ﻻَ

la¯

ah

˙ada fı- l-bayti. (There is) no one (nobody) at home.

بَﺮْﺣَ ﻻَوَ مَﻼَﺳَ ﻻَ

la¯ sala¯ma wa-la¯ h

˙arba. (There is) neither peace nor war.

24.7

ﻞٌّـﻛُ

kullun

The noun

ﻞٌّـﻛُ

kullun means basically ‘totality, entirety, whole, all, everything’. It is fully declined (inflected for all cases) and can be employed as a universal indefinite pronoun modifying a following noun, or standing alone. The following are its uses:

(a) When

ﻞٌّﻛُ

without an article or nunation is followed by an indefinite noun in the genitive singular, it means ‘each, every’, e.g.

In document Análisis y mejora del indicador de confiabilidad en los equipos de recolección Ciudad Limpia Neiva S.A. E.S.P. (página 131-146)