Administración descentralizada

The regulation of skeletal muscle mass is multifac-eted and contains a great degree of redundancy (Rennie et al., 2004). Scientific studies are performed under highly controlled laboratory conditions rather

than free-living conditions, but serve to provide the obligatory framework on which we build our current understanding and later apply to a ‘real world’ set-ting. Even so, it is well established that there are inherent individual differences in so far as the extent of training gains are concerned (responders versus non-responders) (Hubal et al., 2005; Petrella et al., 2008) and thus all findings and subsequent recom-mendations will not produce the same responses in everyone.

We have provided evidence that an excessive protein intake (>2 g/kg/day) for sprint and power athletes is not a necessary requirement for maximis-ing muscle hypertrophy and strength; however, a high-protein diet may confer a metabolic advantage that has important implications for athletes seeking to lose excess body fat but maintain lean body mass.

The necessity of high daily carbohydrate intakes for sprint and power athletes has never been examined;

however, carbohydrate intake is important for glyco-gen synthesis to re-stock glycoglyco-gen stores used during training. Full muscle fibre recruitment during resist-ance exercise confers a sensitising effect to protein feeding on skeletal muscle for up to 24 hours. Finally, creatine monohydrate has been shown to be effective in improving sprint and power performance; how-ever, the beneficial effect of creatine supplementation in enhancing skeletal muscle hypertrophy would be minimal relative to the adaptations seen after a well-designed resistance training programme and adequate nutrition, which includes consuming high-quality proteins at strategic times (i.e. 1–2 hours after exercise) during the course of the day.

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12.1 Introduction

Events where near-maximal exercise intensity is maintained over exercise durations of approximately 1–8 min are generally considered as middle-distance disciplines. These include track and field (400 m to 1500 m), individual track cycling time trial and cycling pursuit (500 m to 4000 m), swimming (100 m to 400 m), rowing/kayak and speed skating (500 m to 5000 m). For simplicity, throughout the rest of this chapter, the athletets who participate in this group of events will simply be referred to as middle-distance athletes.

Events where near-maximal exercise intensity is maintained over exercise durations of approximately 1–8 min are generally considered as middle-distance disciplines. These include track and field (400 m to 1500 m), individual track cycling time trial and cycling pursuit (500 m to 4000 m), swimming (100 m to 400 m), rowing/kayak and speed skating (500 m to 5000 m). For simplicity, throughout the rest of this chapter, the athletets who participate in this group of events will simply be referred to as middle-distance athletes.

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