5.2.1.1 ADRENALINA Y NORADRENALINA

4.3 Conclusion

The case of Lake Ellesmere provides a rich history, varying policies and some unclear

relationships. Much of Chapter 4 provides the most pertinent information pertaining to the Lake and thesis that helps to promote a shared awareness for the reader. This existing framework and history is important to the Results Chapter as it gives a base on which to compare governance arrangements to Ostrom’s principles. Because long-enduring CPR institutions do not emerge overnight, following the evolution, side-tracking or progress of policies intended to manage a CPR are crucial to designing a system with Ostrom’s

principles.

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Chapter 5 - Results

Results are organized in the following fashion: First, results surrounding the comments about the Treaty are given to set the stage in which the management of Lake Ellesmere sits. Second, each of Ostrom’s principles is compared with the current and/or forthcoming governance framework surrounding the Lake. To this end, document analysis, specific observations, and interview commentary are all used to analyse and discuss the presence or lack of the respective principle. A summary of ZC observations can be seen in Appendix C.

5.1 Broad Treaty Implications

The Treaty and its resulting co-governance arrangements play a major role in the

management of the Lake. Interviews revealed mixed comments about the Treaty, some positive, though some interviewees opined that there were also negative results.

The first theme that emerged was broad as interviewees spoke about what kind of an impact the Treaty has had on the Lake management process. Several interviewees responded simply, like ZC5, “I think it’s had a big impact on it” and ZC6, “Enormous… I think the Treaty has had an enormous impact”. ZC7 agreed, “A really, really big one”, and so too did EC1, “Huge. It’s about awareness raising”, and LU1, “Oh well clearly an enormous one”. Some of the interview group said it made some things more difficult but would pan out positively in the long run. ZC7 said, “…and not in the last two years, really, although it has in the change in the Conservation Order and things like that, but longer term, I think huge, absolutely massive”. ZC2 also considered the time scale, “I think in the broader and long term it’s been positive. I think in the short term there are those who have had to adjust their view of the world”.

The interviewees were pressed to give more detailed responses or personal takes on the issues. These responses were more direct, often citing the alleged outcomes for Maori. EC1 said, “It’s confirmed their sense of kind of, ownership, in the future of the Lake and without it I think their relationships would be completely different… The Treaty’s fundamentally important to it, to both the past and the future of the Lake”. EC2 said basically, “Of course the Treaty is what our partnership is what it’s based on”. ZC1 noticed a result too, “There’s a whole resurgence of iwi confidence in themselves and knowing their place as Treaty

62 the Treaty, in my view; we’re all New Zealanders now and I think the indigenous people have to be recognized, but sometimes I think the fact that they want all the benefits of their original race when a lot of them are 7/8 other race, so they want all the benefits of their own race but the responsibility of the other part of their race, they don’t take those as well.

ZC3 also had a negative outlook, “I’m not sure that it’s benefitted the economic side of the equation. It highlighted Maoris with chips on their shoulders. But it’s done nothing to actually take them into getting jobs and education and doing more for themselves,

becoming more skilled”. ZC4 added, “The Treaty definitely makes things more difficult. It definitely creates ambition and aspiration”.

In the document analysis, the Treaty was seen to have an impact on many policies, plans and programmes, though on some occasions (e.g. RMA) only certain sections of the Treaty were cited. When an analyzed document covered co-management or co-governance, the Treaty was cited often (e.g. Whakaora Te Waihora) and the above responses were in reference to its impact on Lake management in general, not one specific plan or programme.

Many interviewees mentioned the importance of the Treaty for relationships and

governance, though the Treaty was, at times, not included in some documents. Interviewees were, however, prompted to respond to questions concerning the Treaty and its impact on the water management process.

5.2 Responses to Ostrom’s Design Principles

As noted in Chapter 3, each of Ostrom’s (1990) principles were used to guide the document analysis, meeting observations and interviews. The results are grouped in relation to her principles.

5.2.1 Clearly Defined Boundaries

Identifying clearly defined boundaries includes identifying who should be allowed to use the Lake as a resource and what the actual area is that needs to be considered to manage the Lake. Clearly defined boundaries help to separate a CPR from an open-access resource and can prevent free-riders from taking advantage of the CPR.

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Document Analysis

Documents reviewed had varying political and physical boundaries concerning the Lake and its catchment. For example, The LWRP (PLWRP 2012, p. vii) refers not to Catchments, but to

“sub-regional sections” (s.2 of the PLWRP 2012, emphasis added) or “areas” that “generally

reflect Canterbury Water Management Zone Committee boundaries, but have been aligned with surface water catchment or groundwater management boundaries”. These are then considered to be ‘catchments’ (Figure 10). There is a chapter in the PLWRP where rules relate specifically to this area. Interviewees noted that there was considerable uncertainty as to where the actual boundaries of groundwater lay and that there was disagreement as to how much groundwater surfaced in the Lake itself or went beyond the Lake and entered the sea directly. However, they were generally prepared to accept the map as presented in Figure 11.

Figure 11: Te Waihora/Lake Ellesmere Catchment (Environment Canterbury, 2013d)

The second boundary map (Figure 12), shows the Selwyn/Waihora Zone as designed by the CWMS. Note how it and the following figure extend further inland than the PLWRP map (Figure 11), which assigns those higher alpine regions and rivers their own catchment section.

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Figure 12: Selwyn-Waihora Zone (Environment Canterbury, 2013f)

The political boundaries of the Selwyn District are pictured in Figure 13; note the difference between the exclusion of land around the southeast corner of Lake Ellesmere and the western part of Banks Peninsula. In fact, the boundary between Christchurch City and Selwyn District in one part is a straight line across part of the Lake and the area in which the Lake is artificially opened to the sea is largely within Christchurch City’s boundary.

Figure 13: Selwyn District Council (Selwyn District Council)

Material removed due to copyright compliance

65 These political boundaries vary from natural boundaries. Figure 14 is a groundwater map of the same area. Note delineations in the boundaries, which in the case of groundwater, have a few small special sections especially in the area around the Rakaia River. The surface water catchment aligns most closely with the first map, Figure 11, of the LWRP.

Figure 14: Groundwater for Selwyn (H.R. Williams, 2010, p. 2)

Because of these different boundaries and associated legal mandates for local governments the Lake and catchment cannot be managed by one of these political or natural boundaries on their own. Even respective runanga boundaries, as included in the Settlement Act, are not a direct match to the catchment of the Lake.