5. DESARROLLO DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN
5.1 ESTUDIO ACERCA DE LAS VULNERABILIDADES MÁS COMUNES EN LOS
5.1.6 Principales ataques y amenazas en Android y IOS:
5.1.6.2 Amenazas sistemas Android:
6.3.1. Source Category Description
Key categories 4B
CH4 and N2O emissions from Manure Management (both level)
CH4 and N2O emissions from manure management are reported. The total emissions from
manure management are declining since 1990, mainly due to a reduction of the cattle population.
Table 6-7 Specification of source category 4B “Manure Management (CH4)”. (AD: Activity data; EF: Emission
factors).
4B Source Specification Data Source
Mature dairy cattle Mature non-dairy cattle 4B1 Cattle
Young cattle
AD: SBV 2008
EF: IPCC 2000; IPCC 1997c; FAL/RAC 2001; Menzi et al. 1997; Soliva 2006
4B3 4B4 4B6 4B8 Sheep Goats Horses Swine AD: SBV 2008
EF: IPCC 2000; IPCC 1997c; FAL/RAC 2001; Menzi et al. 1997; Soliva 2006
4B7 Mules and Asses AD: SBV 2008
EF: IPCC 2000; IPCC 1997c; FAL/RAC 2001; Menzi et al. 1997; Soliva 2006
4B9 Poultry AD: SBV 2008
EF: IPCC 2000; IPCC 1997c; FAL/RAC 2001; Menzi et al. 1997; Soliva 2006
Table 6-8 Specification of source category 4B “Manure Management (N2O)”.
4B Source Specification Data Source
4B11 4B12
Liquid Systems Solid storage and dry lot
AD: SBV 2008; FAL/RAC 2001; Menzi et al. 1997; Schmid et al. 2000
EF: IPCC 1997c; IPCC 2000
6.3.2. Methodological Issues
For calculation of CH4 and N2O emissions slightly different livestock sub-categories are used.
The livestock categories reported in the CRF tables are the same, but the respective sub- categories as a basis for the calculation are slightly different. Nevertheless there is no
inconsistency in the total number of animals as they are the same both for CH4 and N2O
emissions. The calculation of CH4 and N2O emissions is realised in ART (2008).
Calculation of CH4 emissions is based on the domestic livestock populations mature dairy
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calves, breeding cattle (4-12 months), breeding cattle (more than one year), fattening calves, fattening cattle), sheep, goats, horses, mules and asses, swine and poultry as reported for enteric fermentation.
Calculation of N2O emissions are based on a slightly different livestock population break
down:
• Cattle: Mature dairy cattle/mature non-dairy cattle and young cattle (calves on milk/pre-
weaned calves, breeding cattle 1st year, breeding cattle 2nd year, breeding cattle 3rd year, fattening calves, fattening cattle)
• Sheep: sheep places
• Goats: goat places
• Horses: pre-weaned foals, foals < 3 years (foals 1 year, foals 2 years) and other horses
(horses 3 years, horses more than 4 years, breeding mares and studs).
• Mules and asses: Mules and asses < 1 year, mules and asses more than 1 year
• Swine: fattening pig places, breeding pig places
• Poultry: young hens, laying hens, broilers, other poultry
This calculation is chosen because more detailed data on N excretion for the particular animal categories are available (FAL/RAC 2001). The nitrogen excretion rates per animal place includes excretions not only from the mature animals but also from their corresponding offsprings and other associated animals (e.g. boars). The categories for sheep, swine and goats as provided by FAL/RAC (2001) (i.e. animal places) do not correspond to the categories of the Swiss Farmers Union (SBV 2008). The conversion from the FAL/RAC (2001) classification to the available livestock categories according to SBV is done as follows (Schmid et al. 2000):
• One fattening pig place corresponds to one fattening pig over 25 kg, 1/6 fattening pig
place to one young pig below 30 kg.
• One breeding pig place corresponds to one sow, 1/2 breeding pig place to one boar.
• One sheep place corresponds to one ewe over one year.
• One goat place corresponds to one (female) goat older 1.5 years.17
a) CH4 Emissions
Methodology
Calculation of CH4 emissions from manure management is based on IPCC Tier 2 (IPCC
2000: equation 4.17).
∑
•
•
•
•
•
=
ijk ijk jk i i iVS
days
year
Bo
kg
m
MCF
MS
EF
365
/
0.67
/
3EFi: annual emission factor for livestock population i
VSi: daily VS excreted for an animal within population i
Boi: maximum CH4 producing capacity for manure produced by an animal within population i
MCFjk: CH4 conversion factors for each manure management system j by climate region k
17 Since the number of (female) goats older than 1.5 years are not known, the following approximation
is used: GP = DG + 0.6492*OFG. GP: goat places, DG: dairy goats, OFG: other female goats older than 1 year.
National Inventory Report of Switzerland 2009 170
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MSijk: fraction of animal species / category i’s manure handled using manure system j in
climate region k
Emission factor
Calculation of the emission factor is based on the parameters volatile substance excreted
(VS), the maximum CH4 producing capacity for manure (Bo) and the CH4 conversion factors
for each manure management system (MCF).
The daily excretions of VS for cattle sub-categories were estimated according to IPCC (2000: equation 4.16: p. 4.31). For the livestock categories swine, sheep, goats, horses, mules and asses, and poultry default values from IPCC (1997c: Reference Manual: p. 4.39 to 4.47) were taken.
The ash content of cattle manure is assumed to amount to 8% on average (IPCC 1997c: Reference Manual: p. 4.47). The digestible energy of the feed for cattle is assumed to be 60% on average, except for calves with 65% (IPCC 1997c: Reference Manual: p. 4.39). The calculation of gross energy intake per head is described in detail in chapter 6.2.2.
For the Methane Producing Potential (Bo) default values are used (IPCC 1997c: Reference
Manual: p. 4.39 to 4.47).
For the Methane Conversion Factor (MCF) IPCC default values are used (IPCC 2000, p.
4.36 and IPCC 1997c: Reference Manual: p. 4.25). In Switzerland mainly two manure
management systems exist, solid storage and liquid/slurry storage. Calves are mainly kept in deep litter systems and there are also specific MCF values for pasture and poultry systems: The following MCF’s were used:
Table 6-9 Manure management systems and Methane conversion factors (MCFs). References: IPCC 2000, p. 4.36 and IPCC 1997b: p. 4.25 (for liquid/slurry).
Manure management system Description MCF
Solid manure Dung and urine are excreted in a barn. The solids (with and without litter) are collected and stored in bulk for a long time (months) before disposal.
1%
Liquid/slurry Combined storage of dung and urine under animal confinements for longer than 1 month.
10% Pasture Manure is allowed to lie as it is, and is not managed
(distributed, etc.).
1% Deep litter Dung and urine is excreted in a barn with lots of litter and is
not removed for a long time (months). This is applied for the cattle sub-categories of milk-fed calves and fattening calves, and for sheep and goats.
3.9%
Poultry system Manure is excreted on the floor with or without bedding. 1.5%
The fraction of animal’s manure handled using different manure management systems (MS)
was separately calculated for each livestock category and the respective manure management systems. The information about the percentage of a livestock category kept in a specific housing system is based on FAL/RAC (2001). The percentages of solid manure or slurry produced by different animals within specific housing systems were obtained from Menzi et al. (1997), as were the percentages of the grazing time for each livestock category.
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Activity data
Activity data on all livestock categories is taken from SBV (2008) (refer to chapter 6.2.2 for details).
b) N2O Emissions
Methodology
For the calculation of N2O emissions the country specific method IULIA is applied. IULIA is
an IPCC-derived method for the calculation of N2O emissions from agriculture that basically
uses the same emission factors, but adjusts the activity data to the particular situation of Switzerland. Further information is provided under the chapter 6.5.2. IULIA is described in detail in Schmid et al. (2000).
For calculation of emissions from manure management IULIA applies other values for the nitrogen excretion per animal category than IPCC (refer to information about activity data) and differentiates the animal waste management systems Liquid systems and Solid storage.
The combined systems (liquid/slurry) are split up into Liquid systems or Solid storage. N2O
emissions from pasture, range and paddock appear under the category „D Agricultural soils, subcategory 2 animal production”. IPCC categories „daily spread“ and „other systems“ are not occurring. The basic animal waste management systems included in IULIA are defined in Menzi et al. (1997).
Emission factors
IPCC default emission factors are used for the two animal waste management systems (IPCC 1997c: Reference Manual: p. 4.104).
Table 6-10 Emission factors for calculating N2O emissions from manure management (IPCC 1997c: p. 4.104).
Source Emission factor per animal waste management
system (kg N2O-N / kg N)
Liquid systems 0.001
Solid storage 0.020
Activity data
Input data on all livestock categories are taken from the Swiss Farmers Union (SBV 2008). These input data are converted into the following livestock categories (Walther et al. 1994, FAL/RAC 2001).
National Inventory Report of Switzerland 2009 172
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Table 6-11 Activity data for calculating N2O emissions from manure management (SBV 2008). Population Size
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Cattle
Mature dairy and mature non-dairy cattle 795 795 781 762 763 763 764 744 737 725
Young cattle 1'060 1'034 1'002 983 984 986 983 929 904 884
Calves on milk and pre-weaned calves 122 123 123 125 123 120 134 132 137 150 Breeding cattle 1st year 346 337 324 308 302 295 286 260 254 219 Breeding cattle 2nd year 253 252 251 239 239 239 243 233 217 188 Breeding cattle 3rd year 151 148 147 142 141 139 140 139 133 118
Fattening calves 88 79 71 76 79 82 75 68 66 48 Fattening cattle 100 96 87 92 101 110 105 97 97 162 Sheep 395 409 415 424 405 387 419 420 422 424 Sheep places 191 201 201 211 201 191 208 208 209 222 Goats 68 65 58 57 55 53 57 58 60 62 Goat places 40 38 34 33 32 31 33 34 35 37 Horses 45 49 52 54 48 41 43 46 46 49 Pre-weaned foals 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 Foals 1 year 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 IE Foals 2 years 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 IE Foals < 3 years 5 6 6 7 7 6 6 6 6 7 Horses 3 years 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 IE
Horses more than 4 years 24 26 28 28 23 18 20 24 25 IE
Breeding mares and studs 9 9 10 11 10 9 9 9 9 IE
Other horses 36 39 41 43 36 30 32 36 36 38
Mules and Asses 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 10 11
Mules and asses < 1 year 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IE Mules and asses > 1 year 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 9 IE
Swine 1'787 1'723 1'706 1'692 1'569 1'446 1'379 1'395 1'487 1'453
Fattening pig places 1'012 977 960 931 844 757 769 769 827 830 Breeding pig places 184 179 178 179 168 156 142 148 156 139
Poultry 5'932 5'642 5'499 6'410 6'431 6'241 6'425 6'537 6'724 6'886 Young hens 719 664 710 719 732 714 732 733 793 761 Laying hens 3'083 2'645 2'536 2'518 2'226 2'118 2'226 2'278 2'270 2'223 Broilers 2'020 2'199 2'096 2'990 3'293 3'231 3'293 3'342 3'502 3'747 Other poultry 110 134 158 183 180 177 174 184 158 155 1990-1999 in 1'000 heads
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Population Size
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 in 1'000 heads
Cattle
Mature dairy and mature non-dairy cattle 714 720 716 703 691 699 705 708
Young cattle 874 891 878 867 854 856 861 863
Calves on milk and pre-weaned calves 139 155 161 166 168 168 169 173 Breeding cattle 1st year 236 238 230 220 215 222 223 223 Breeding cattle 2nd year 222 219 219 213 205 205 210 210 Breeding cattle 3rd year 130 130 126 124 121 113 110 109
Fattening calves 43 40 38 39 36 35 35 34 Fattening cattle 105 109 104 105 109 112 114 114 Sheep 421 420 430 445 441 446 451 444 Sheep places 217 217 220 229 227 229 231 230 Goats 62 63 66 67 71 74 76 79 Goat places 37 38 39 40 42 44 45 46 Horses 50 50 51 53 54 55 56 58 Pre-weaned foals 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 Foals 1 year IE IE IE IE IE IE IE IE Foals 2 years IE IE IE IE IE IE IE IE Foals < 3 years 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 Horses 3 years IE IE IE IE IE IE IE IE
Horses more than 4 years IE IE IE IE IE IE IE IE Breeding mares and studs IE IE IE IE IE IE IE IE
Other horses 40 40 42 43 44 46 47 48
Mules and Asses 12 12 13 14 15 16 16 17
Mules and asses < 1 year IE IE IE IE IE IE IE IE Mules and asses > 1 year IE IE IE IE IE IE IE IE
Swine 1'498 1'548 1'557 1'529 1'538 1'609 1'635 1'573
Fattening pig places 851 868 874 857 859 907 901 877 Breeding pig places 145 149 148 144 146 151 154 143
Poultry 6'983 6'939 7'339 7'585 8'061 8'256 7'648 8'221 Young hens 832 745 754 809 853 868 888 902 Laying hens 2'150 2'069 2'154 2'117 2'089 2'189 2'147 2'198 Broilers 3'808 3'993 4'298 4'518 4'971 5'060 4'481 5'002 Other poultry 193 132 132 140 148 139 131 120 2000-2007
Data on nitrogen excretion per animal category (kg N/head/year) is taken from FAL/RAC (2001: p. 48/49), Walther et al. (1994) and Schmid et al. (2000) (see Table A - 35 in Annex A3.3). These data are calculated according to the method IULIA. Unlike IPCC, IULIA distinguishes the age structure of the animals and the different use of the animals (e.g. fattening and breeding). This consideration of adopted nitrogen excretion values is one of the
major advantages of the method IULIA in the Swiss context.Calculation of nitrogen excretion
of dairy cattle is based on milk production reported. This more disaggregated approach leads to 30% lower calculated nitrogen excretion rates compared to IPCC, which therefore also
implies to lower total N2O emissions from manure management.
The nitrogen excretion per sheep place has been changed from 16 in 1994 to 12 kg N/head/year in 2001 according to the revised standard values of N excretion (FAL/RAC 2001). The values for the years 1995 to 2000 were calculated by linear interpolation. The value currently used is based on a feeding regime mainly based on roughage from extensive pasture, range and paddock. Still it seems low compared to IPCC default values and
therefore will be revised during the next recalculation.
The split of nitrogen flows into the different animal waste management systems including ammonia emissions are taken from Menzi et al. (1997).
6.3.3. Uncertainties and Time-Series Consistency
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Table 6-12 Input data for the uncertainty analysis of the source category 4B “Manure Management” (ART 2008a). Input data for uncertainty analysis 4B Lower bound
(2.5 Percentile) (Tier 2) Upper bound (97.5 Percentile) (Tier 2) Mean uncertainty (Tier 1)
Activity data CH4 (head) -6.4% +6.4% ±6.4%
Activity data N2O (liquid systems, kg N) -29.9% +29.2% ±29.5% Activity data N2O (solid storage, kg N) -29.9% +29.2% ±29.5%
Emission factor CH4 (kg CH4 /head/yr) -54.7% +53.5% ±54.1%
Emission factor N2O (liquid systems, kg N2O-N / kg N) -100% +0% ±50%
Emission factor N2O (solid storage, kg N2O-N / kg N) -75% +50% ±62.5%
To apply for the Tier 1 uncertainty analysis, the arithmetic mean of lower and upper bound is used for activity data and for emission factors. To aggregate liquid systems and solid storage
(as required for input into Tier 1 analysis 4B/N2O), the combined uncertainty of the emissions
is determined by using Tier 1 error propagation for the sub-systems. For further results see Section 1.7.
The time series 1990–2007 is consistent.
6.3.4. Source-Specific QA/QC and Verification
For CH4 the documentation about the data set and calculation method assures transparency
and traceability of the calculation methods (Soliva 2006). Additionally a document in German lists all the methodological differences between the former calculations and the current
methodology regarding CH4 estimations (Soliva 2006a). For N2O estimations an internal
documentation of the Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station (ART) is available (Berthoud 2004).
IPCC tables with data for estimating emission factors for all livestock categories (such as
weight, digestibility, maximum CH4 producing capacity (B0) or daily excretion of volatile
solids) were filled in, checked for consistency and confidence and compared with IPCC default values (refer to Table A - 37 in Annex A3.3). Factors for methane conversion (MCF) and manure management distribution (MS) were analysed considering the Swiss national agricultural context.
All relevant data needed for the calculation of N2O emissions such as nitrogen excretion,
manure management system distribution and N2O emission factors have been checked for
consistency and have been compared to IPCC default as well as literature values.
Cross checks with data provided in the “Synthesis and Assessment Report” were conducted where possible.
Furthermore, quality is assured by the same procedures as mentioned in chapter 6.2.4. All QA/QC activities will be further described in a separate document that will be published this year. Therein eventual differences between national and (IPCC) standard values are being analysed and discussed.
A quality control was done by INFRAS by a countercheck of the calculation sheets.
6.3.5. Source-Specific Recalculations
A recalculation was carried out for the year 2005 and 2006 due to some data updates from the Swiss Farmers Union (SBV 2008).
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