5. DESARROLLO DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN
5.1 ESTUDIO ACERCA DE LAS VULNERABILIDADES MÁS COMUNES EN LOS
5.1.4 Anatomía de un ataque a dispositivos móviles:
4.4.1. Source Category Description
Key category 2C_o (2C Metal Production without 2C3 Aluminium Production)
CO2 emissions from Metal Production without Aluminium Production (trend)
Source category 2C “Metal Production” comprises non-energy emissions from the production
of steel and aluminium as well as from the use of SF6 in aluminium and magnesium
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For the key category analysis 2C has been divided into a subcategory 2C3 Aluminium Production and a category 2C_o comprising the reminder of the sources in 2C and defined
as Metal Production without Aluminium Production. CO2 emissions in 2C_o occur mainly in
2C1, Iron and Steel Production. Other CO2 emissions in 2C_o occur only in 2C5 and
contributed only 1% to total CO2 emissions in 2C_o in 2007. In 2006 the last aluminium
production plant in Switzerland was closed down. Since activity in 2C3decreased to zero in 2007, emissions from 2C_o are in 2007 effectively equivalent to the emissions in all of 2C.
Table 4-7 Specification of source category 2C “Metal Production”.
2C Source Specification Data Source
2C1 Iron and Steel Production Emissions from the production of Iron and Steel.
AD, EF: EMIS 2009/2C1 2C2 Ferroalloys Production Included in 1A2b.
2C3 Aluminium Production Emissions from the production of Aluminium
AD: Industry Data EF for PFC: Industry Data EF other gases: EMIS 2009/2C3
2C4 Use of SF6 in Aluminium and
Magnesium Foundries
Emissions from use of SF6 in
Aluminium and Magnesium Foundries
AD, EF: Industry Data EF: Carbotech 2009 2C5 Other Emissions from the production of
non-ferrous metals
AD, EF: Industry Data, EMIS 2009/2C5
4.4.2. Methodological Issues
Methodology
In Iron and Steel Production (2C1) a country specificapproach is used to calculate CO2, NOx,
CO, NMVOC and SO2 emissions, based on CORINAIR and documented in the EMIS
database (EMIS 2009/2C1). The emissions are calculated by multiplying the annual
production output of steel or iron (level of activity) by emission factors. CO2 emissions
accounted for in this category are only due to the production of steel in electric arc furnaces by smelting scrap steel. Emissions occur due to consumed electrodes and organic
contaminants in scrap material. The emissions are calculated by multiplying the annual
production output of steel (level of activity) by emission factors. CO2 emissions from cupola
furnaces are accounted for in category 1A2. There is no production of crude iron in Switzerland from iron oxide ores in blast furnaces.
In Aluminium Production (2C3) a country specific approach is used to calculate CO2, NOx,
CO, NMVOC and SO2 emissions, based on CORINAIR. The emissions are calculated by
multiplying the annual production output of aluminium (level of activity) by emission factors. PFC emissions from source category 2C “Metal Production” are not occurring in 2007 as the last production site with Aluminium production in Switzerland has been closed down in April 2006. Historic emission data for PFC is based on a Tier 3b approach. Operating smelter emissions have been monitored periodically by the industry for selected years. The only Swiss factory has its own measurements for 1990, 1999 and 2000, which demonstrate smaller EFs than the European average (by factors of 3.9, 4.7 and 5.1, respectively, for those years) (Alcan 2003). Therefore a “general reduction factor” of 4.0 for both gases is adopted on the average European values as reported from the European Aluminium Association (Alcan 2002). The resulting emission factors for Switzerland are still within the
Industrial Processes 15 April 2009
uncertainty range as per IPCC GPG. To calculate the emissions factor for the year 2006
without measured emission data a European average emission factor (0.14 kgPFC/tAL) (based
on IAI 2005, reduced by 0.1 kgPFC/tALfor technical progress since 2004) with a correction
factor of 0.25 is being used. This results to 0.035 kgPFC/tAL and the ratio of 90% CF4 and 10%
C2F6 is being applied. Historic emissions are calculated by multiplying annual production by
emission factors.
SF6 is used in aluminium foundry industry in the cleaning process. The Swiss Foundry
Association (GVS) has not provided information on emission factors and hence the total
imported amount of SF6 as per the import statistic is reported as actual emission. The
emissions are assumed to be constant and are based on import information of 2003.
In the production of non-ferrous metals (2C5), a country specificapproach is used to
calculate CO2, NOx, CO, NMVOC and SO2 emissions. The emissions are calculated by
multiplying the annual production output (level of activity) by emission factors.
Emission Factors
The emission factors for CO2, NOx, CO, NMVOC and SO2 emissions per ton of metal product
are country specific. They are based on measurements and data from industry and expert estimates, documented in the EMIS database (see Section 1.4.3).
CO2 emissions from Iron and Steel Production (2C1) are due to emissions from steel
production in electric arc furnaces, for which an emission factor of 140 kg CO2 per ton of
steel produced is used (EMIS 2009/2C1). For the years 1990-1998, a lower emission factor
of 100 kg CO2 per ton of steel produced was used, based on older measurements also
documented in EMIS. This change in emission factors is one of the reasons that 2C_o
became a key category. CO2 emissions also occur in cupola furnaces for iron production, the
CO2 emissions of which are accounted for exclusively in category 1A2. In previous
submissions, activity data for iron production in cupola furnaces was also included in 2C1, leading to an implied emission factor englobing steel production and iron production, although for the latter no emissions were reported in 2C1. For this submission, activity data from iron production are no longer included in 2C1, and they are now reported as it has already been the case for the emissions exclusively in 1A2.
For CO2 emissions from Aluminium Production (2C3), an emission factor of 1.6 ton CO2 per
ton of aluminium is used (EMIS 2009/2C3). This CO2 stems from the oxidation of the anode
in the electrolysis process ("Schmelzflusselektrolyse"). The emissions factor is based on an
estimate of the amount of anode material used.In Switzerland only pre-backed processes
are used.The CO2-EF is calculated with 0.43 tons of anode per ton of aluminium; it is
assumed that the anode consists completely of carbon and that it is fully oxidized during the process(value from Swiss foundries, value for 1990, assumed to be constant over the time series).
For PFC emissions the emission factors have decreased by a factor of more than 4 between 1990 and 2006 due to technical efforts to reduce emissions (Alcan 2003). For 2007 there is no emission factor, because there was no aluminium production.
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Table 4-8 PFC emissions factors for aluminium production in Switzerland.
Gas Unit 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 CF4 kg/t 0.1530 0.1373 0.1215 0.1058 0.0900 0.0833 0.0765 0.0698 0.0630 0.0540 C2F6 kg/t 0.0170 0.0153 0.0135 0.0118 0.0100 0.0093 0.0085 0.0078 0.0070 0.0060 Gas Unit 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 CF4 kg/t 0.0360 0.0360 0.0360 0.0360 0.0338 0.0315 0.0315 0.0000 C2F6 kg/t 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0038 0.0035 0.0035 0.0000 Activity Data
Activity data on metal production (without aluminium and magnesium) is based on data from industry and expert estimates, documented in the EMIS database (EMIS 2009/2C, see Section 1.4.3). 2C1 Iron and Steel production activity data have been improved for the years 2003-2006 based on more precise industry data for 2006 and industry data for 2003-2005 that replace a previous interpolation (EMIS 2009/2C1).
Since 1995 until 2006 data on aluminium production is based on data published regularly by the Swiss Aluminium Association. For earlier years, the data provided directly from
aluminium industry is used. In 2006 the last production site of aluminium was closed.
SF6 is used in Swiss magnesium foundries since 1997. There are two factories which are
known to use SF6 and they both directly report their imports of SF6. As only import data is
reported the mean value of 2006 and 2007 imports is used for calculating the emissions. Activity data for source categories 2C1 Iron and Steel and 2C3 Aluminium are given in the following table:
Table 4-9 Activity data for 2C1 and 2C3 in Metal Production.
Source/production Unit 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2C Metal Production 2C1 Steel Gg 1'108 1'155 1'245 1'276 1'230 716 738 789 880 918 2C3 Aluminium Gg 87 82 75 36 24 21 27 27 32 34 Source/production Unit 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2C Metal Production 2C1 Steel Gg 1'022 1'048 1'125 1'143 1'226 1'159 1'254 1'267 2C3 Aluminium Gg 36 36 40 44 45 45 12 0
The table above shows that aluminium production was not occurring in 2007 and was more than 85% lower in 2006 compared to 1990. In April 2006 the last production site of aluminium in Switzerland has been closed down which explains the sharp reduction in source category 2C3 from 2005 to 2006. Activity data for steel production shown in this table refers to electric arc furnaces. Activity increased by 14% from 1990 to 2007. Together with the increase of the
CO2 emission factor by 40%, this results in an increase of related CO2 emissions by 60%.
This explains why CO2 emissions from category 2C_o increased by 59% and why this
category became a key category regarding trend accordingly. CO2 emissions occur also in
cupola furnaces for iron production, but are accounted for exclusively in category 1A2. In previous submissions, activity data for iron production in cupola furnaces were nevertheless also included in 2C1. For this submission, activity data from iron production are no longer included in 2C1, and they are now reported as the emissions exclusively in 1A2.
4.4.3. Uncertainties and Time-Series Consistency
Uncertainty in CO2 emissions from Metal Production without Aluminium Production (2C_o)
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The uncertainty estimate is based on uncertainty estimates for iron and steel production (2C1), which accounts for 99% of emissions in 2C_o. Production data of iron and steel industry have high confidence (estimated uncertainty 2%, as documented in EMIS
2009/2C1). The uncertainty for the emission factor is estimated to be 40% (EMIS 2009/2C1).
Uncertainty in use of SF6 in Aluminium and Magnesium Foundries 2C4
For use of SF6 in Aluminium and Magnesium Foundries, an uncertainty of 9.6% (with normal
distribution) is assumed, which is a result of the Monte Carlo simulation of the emissions of synthetic gases (Carbotech 2009).
Qualitative estimate of uncertainties of non-key category emissions in 2C
A preliminary uncertainty assessment of non-key category emissions in 2C based on expert judgment results in medium confidence in emissions estimates.
The time series is consistent.
4.4.4. Source-Specific QA/QC and Verification
No source-specific activities beyond the general QA/QC measures described in Section 1.6 have been carried out.
4.4.5. Source-Specific Recalculations
2C1 Iron and Steel production activity data have been improved for the years 2003-2006 based on more precise industry data for 2006 and industry data for 2003-2005 that replace a previous interpolation. See also Chapter 9.
Emissions under source category 2C4 Use of SF6 in Aluminium and Magnesium Foundries
have been recalculated for the years 2004 to 2006 to include emissions from a second
factory which became known to have used SF6 in this period.
4.4.6. Source-Specific Planned Improvements
The report of the individual review of the GHG inventory submitted in 2005 (UNFCCC 2006) suggested under point 43 a more transparent reporting regarding technology changes which lead to reduction of emission factors that have reduced PFC emissions from Aluminium production. Due to closing down of aluminium production in Switzerland in April 2006 and subsequent unavailability of technical informants, it is no longer possible to obtain more specific information on emission factors.