Análisis de la rentabilidad de la empresa

Unlike on the MILF negotiation panel, several women were members of the governmental peace panel. Only one Muslim (Maranao) woman, Professor and former MSU President Emily Marohombsar, was part of it (1998-2004). From 2001-2004 Irene Santiago, a Christian women's activist and feminist from Davao, joined it. Known for her contributions to a culture of peace in Mindanao, she was granted a title (Bai Romapenet, Princess of Hope and Solidarity) by the royal

162 In 2006 a tripartite (GRP, MNLF, OIC) review was recommended after the OIC sent a fact-finding team to look into the implementation of the 1996 peace pact. In 2009 the OPAPP reported that the first phase of the FPA had been implemented but that there were still some open issues from the second phase.

houses in Lanao, becoming an adopted daughter of the Islamic City of Marawi. Under her leadership, the inter-religious MCW, which was founded in 2001, initiated the “Mothers for Peace” campaign in 2003 (Rood 2005: 11). “With almost no resources but a lot of contacts and commitment, Mothers for Peace launched a relentless campaign using TV and radio time and print space offered free by media networks that believed in its message.” (Sanz-Zarate 2006:

148). Other civil society groups had similar agendas and it was supposed that the public pressure contributed to the bilateral declaration of a ceasefire a couple of months later.

The MCW also advocated for more women participating in peacemaking efforts. In February 2006, a conference was held with the title “Mindanao Women’s Peace Summit: If Women Negotiated the Peace Agreement . . .”, with the goal of training women to participate in the ongoing peace negotiations. Women sympathizers of the MILF and the MNLF were invited as well as indigenous women. At least 325 women participated, as well as MILF resource speakers Attorney Lanang Ali (the MILF’s legal counsel and member of the Peace Panel), Datu Jun Mantawil (head of the MILF Peace Panel Secretariat), Dr. Alpha Amirulhaj (member of the MILF Technical Committee), Jimmy Labawan (MNLF Vice-chairman), and sponsors from the Australian Agency for International Development and the GTZ.

The Summit resulted in a position paper that was given to the peace negotiating panels. In this document, several suggestions were made for enhancing the peace process in Mindanao.

Among them were the inclusion of the MNLF in the peace process; building on the 1996 peace agreement; and establishing the executive, legislative and judicial powers and functions of the future BJE government from the existing ARMM structures. In addition, the peace process introduced a requirement for the amendment of the Constitution and the inclusion of women in post-peace agreement political decision-making, reconstruction, and recovery. Finally, the Mindanao Trust Fund was to be 30% female in its decision-making structure.

While we anticipate that the Mindanao Trust Fund will adhere to guidelines on mainstreaming gender into all its programs, projects and activities, we strongly recommend the establishment of a Special Fund for Women. This recommendation comes from the lessons learned from the nine years of implementing the UN Multi-Donor Trust Fund after the signing of the 1996 GRP-MNLF Peace Accord where women were able to access a miniscule percentage of the funds but showed that their projects were the most sustainable. The decision-making body of the Special Fund for Women must include representatives from Mindanao women’s groups with constituencies in the conflict-affected areas. (Homepage of the MCW, 2010)

Concerning projects that should be implemented in a post-peace BJE, the paper mentioned as a first point free formal and informal education. This was followed by livelihood, health, gender, and development projects. Issues like the integration of the madaris into the mainstream educational system (including the study of the sharia and the teaching of comparative religion in all elementary and secondary schools), the promotion of a peace culture and indigenous ways of conflict resolution and transformation were also of interest. The position paper was handed over to Lanang Ali as a member of the peace panel and Silvestre Afable, Chair of the GRP Peace Panel. While Afable especially appreciated the role of women in the microfinance sector, Lanang commented on the paper from a conservative religious point of view, emphasizing that women are the assistants of men:

I cannot yet give [my comments]. I have to submit this to the central committee for them to scrutinize but I am sure that everything here will be considered by the MILF. As I scan it and heard from point to point, I do not see any reason why the MILF will not respect this document.

We cannot disregard the role of women in Mindanao. The role of women has been revealed in the Koran. To respect the role of women. Empowerment is already there also. We need to consult our Ustadz what specific verses in the Koran that emphasize the empowerment of women. Ex: A woman is the assistant of the man. The man is always the head of the family. It is haram if the woman heads the family. The man also heads the prayer. That is haram for a woman to lead the prayer. It cannot be that the woman will always be the head of the state.

As long as there is a male capable to head the state then he should lead. There is always an exception to the rule. A female may be allowed to rule the nation but only as such time that the male cannot perform. By nature, women are emotional.

That is why females are discouraged to rule the nation. (Homepage of the MCW, 2010)

The MILF did not reconsider the MCW demands concerning the gender-composition of the peace panel, but in 2010, it formed a board of consultants, which also included two women:

an indigenous woman and an alima (female religious scholar). Nevertheless, the participation of GRP and MILF functionaries at the conference could already be seen as representing the success of the MCW in putting its demands on the peace panel agenda.¹⁶³

163 Jun Mantawil in 2009 emphasized that in the proposed BJE the MILF would be more liberal in its approach to women than the Taliban. There would be no prohibition on women seeking public office but men would have

“priority” in that field under an Islamic government “because women are encouraged to become good mothers and regents of families, first and foremost, as the real foundation of an ideal society.” Mantawil elaborated on this by saying that “the success of women in laying the foundation for a good society within their respective families will serve as a community model as they move on further to a secondary task of public service. Should they be able to become successful in both endeavors, then they prove to be more successful than us, men.” Finally he stated that like men, “women are part and parcel of any struggle for reform in Islam” (Maulana 2009).

Some months after the conference, in May 2006, Irene Santiago was appointed senior adviser to the OPAPP.¹⁶⁴ MCW continued pursuing its agenda of more female participation in 2010 by handing over a letter to President Arroyo urging her to promote the involvement of more women on the new governmental peace panel. In March 2010, Dr. Grace Jimeno-Rebollos became a member. She, however, stayed in office only a short time, being replaced by candidates chosen by the newly-elected President Aquino.

Sylvia Okinlay-Paraguya, a Lumad from Bukidnon and member of the organization Mindanao Coalition of Development NGO Networks, thus again from civil society and a women’s rights organization, joined the government's peace panel in 2004. At the same time, the attorney Leah Tanodra-Armamento was appointed an alternate member. Both stayed in office until 3 September 2008 when the governmental panel was dissolved.

In August 2010 under the Aquino government Professor Miriam Coronel-Ferrer became a member of the governmental peace panel. Santiago and Coronel-Ferrer participated in the drafting and finalization of the National Action Plan (NAP) on Women, Peace and Security (September 2009-March 2010). The NAP is based on UN Security Resolution No. 1325, adopted by United Nations Security Council on 31 October 2000. It was sponsored and was to be implemented and monitored by government agencies with advisory functions, OPAPP and the National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women. The NAP, like the UN resolution that was its model, seeks to advance the participation of women in the peace process.

Among those civil society activists who promote the participation of indigenous people, and particularly of women in the peace process, the lawyer and peace advocate Mary Ann Arnado has to be mentioned. In 2001, civil society groups were for the first time allowed to join the peace negotiations, even though they were excluded from the closed-door negotiations. Among the observers were representatives of the NGO Mindanao Peoples Caucus (MPC), like the journalist

164 The OPAPP, including its support Secretariat, had been founded by the Ramos government in 1993. The government at this time also created the Peace Panels for the peace talks. The OPAPP supports and coordinates the negotiating panels appointed by the president and supervises the implementation of existing peace agreements. The OPAPP was part of a governmental peace policy which provided a broader official perspective on peace, an official policy that defined a comprehensive, multi-track peace process, an infrastructure to carry out the government peace effort, and significant achievements in the reform and negotiations process. Besides the OPAPP, the Ramos government in 1992 also created the National Unification Commission (NUC). The NUC was given the task to

“formulate and recommend, after consulting with the concerned sectors of society, to the President . . . a viable general amnesty program and peace process that will lead to a just, comprehensive, and lasting peace” (E.O. 19, 1992). The NUC received support from the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) and the National Council of Churches in the Philippines (NCCP), and Regional and Provincial Convenors Groups were set up which also included NGOs and POs. The aim of the peace efforts under Ramos was a “shared ownership” of the peace process (OPAPP homepage).

Carolyn Arguillas and Mary Ann Arnado. In Kuala Lumpur, Arnado was the one to point out to MILF functionaries that there was no woman on their peace panel. In response, she was told that they could not find anyone competent (Woodward 2005: 31). Under her initiative, the MPC developed, initially as a component of an institution with its main seat in Davao (Initiatives for International Dialogue) promoting solidarity among the peoples of Southeast Asia. In 2002, MPC established the Bantay Ceasefire monitoring team. The idea was based on the formation of LMTs provided by the Tripoli Agreement of 2001. Military generals and the MILF did not want civilians to monitor the ceasefire, and in particular, women were seen as being not competent enough in dealing with military tasks (ibid.: 23). Therefore, the Bantay Ceasefire Monitoring Team was established as an independent monitoring team, which worked in zones of conflict to educate involved groups on international humanitarian law and human rights. During the 2003 outbreak of conflict, the MPC helped to convince the MILF to announce a ten-day ceasefire on 28 May, but the AFP declined a similar move; one military commander explained to the MPC they could not do so without appearing like “homosexuals” (soft) (ibid.: 34). In June 2008, the MPC succeeded in mobilizing 10,000 evacuees for a demonstration for a ceasefire and initiating a broad media campaign demanding the same. The protests accompanied those of other civil society organizations like the Mothers for Peace (see above). In 2010, the MPC became part of the newly-established Civilian Protection Component of the International Monitoring Team.

Since UN Resolution No. 1325, non-Muslim women have increasingly been included in the peace negotiations as part of the governmental panel. Most of these women are active in inter-religious civil society movements. They are pushing for greater participation of women not only in the peace process but also in the future BJE. Also Muslim women’s activists were recently more involved as consultants of the MILF. In 2011, the Tausug Muslim lawyer Raissa Jajurie and the Maguindanao Muslim educator Bai Cabaybay Abubakar, along with Timuay Melanio Ulama, a member of the T’duray tribe in Mindanao, were appointed members of the MILF peace panel’s board of consultants. Raissa Jajurie is heading the women’s organization Nisa Ul-Haqq fi Bangsamoro confederation (Women for Justice in Bangsamoro). This demonstrates that the MILF is open to the issues of Muslim women’s rights being presented by a progressive Muslim women’s activist. So far, however, women are not included into the MILF peace panel but remain as consultants.