3. Regulación de la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial en el
3.3. Análisis del Discurso del Superintendente Bancario de
12.1 General
The designer should determine the need for paving areas and their extent The designer should determine the need for paving areas and their extent within each site. All intended uses and loading requirements for paving within each site. All intended uses and loading requirements for paving including culverts, suspended and removable paving slabs, should be including culverts, suspended and removable paving slabs, should be considered in the design. In general, paved surface areas should be kept to a considered in the design. In general, paved surface areas should be kept to a minimum consistent with following general requirements listed below.
minimum consistent with following general requirements listed below.
12.1.1
12.1.1 Process Process Plot Plot AreasAreas a)
a) Concrete paving Concrete paving should should be be provided provided within within plot plot limits limits only only wherewhere necessary for vehicular and pedestrian access to process plant, necessary for vehicular and pedestrian access to process plant, equipment buildings and maintenance areas, and as a drainage surface equipment buildings and maintenance areas, and as a drainage surface in areas, which may be subject to oil or chemical spillage during in areas, which may be subject to oil or chemical spillage during operations or maintenance.
operations or maintenance.
b)
b) Paved areas, Paved areas, other other than than meeting meeting the the requirements requirements for for collection collection ofof surface water, oil or chemical spillage, should also consider in the design surface water, oil or chemical spillage, should also consider in the design the following conditions and additional requirements:
the following conditions and additional requirements:
i)
i) Flammable Flammable liquid liquid spills spills do do not not collect collect under under process process equipment.equipment.
ii)
ii) Firewater Firewater should should not not spread spread to to process process or or plant plant areas areas unaffectedunaffected by fire incident.
by fire incident.
iii)
iii) Specific Specific catchment catchment areas areas for for drainage drainage within within a a process process or or plantplant unit should be defined in relation to the layout of the individual unit should be defined in relation to the layout of the individual parts of the unit and applicable fire fighting methods.
parts of the unit and applicable fire fighting methods.
c)
c) Catchments should Catchments should be be generally generally defined defined by by high high points points of of the the paving paving oror in particular cases by upstand kerbs. However, trip hazards or in particular cases by upstand kerbs. However, trip hazards or obstruction of access-ways shall be avoided.
obstruction of access-ways shall be avoided.
d)
d) If If a a specific specific potential potential fire fire risk risk has has been been identified identified within within a a plant, plant, additionaladditional paving may also be needed to allow efficient drainage of the high volume paving may also be needed to allow efficient drainage of the high volume of firewater flows.
of firewater flows.
e)
e) Additional paving Additional paving may may be be required required in in some some areas areas of of the the plant plant as as aa protective layer against erosion of certain soil types.
protective layer against erosion of certain soil types.
f)
f) Concrete Concrete paving paving should should generally generally be be provided provided for:- for:-i)
i) Vehicular Vehicular access-ways access-ways from from process process plot plot limits limits to to the the pavedpaved areas.
areas.
ii) Walkways.
ii) Walkways.
iii)
iii) Maintenance Maintenance access access comprising comprising of of 1200 1200 mm mm wide wide paving paving aroundaround any individual equipment isolated from main paved areas.
any individual equipment isolated from main paved areas.
iv)
iv) Tube Tube pulling pulling areas areas for for heat heat exchangers, exchangers, where where oil oil may may be be spiltspilt during extraction and removal of tube bundles, even where such during extraction and removal of tube bundles, even where such areas are outside plot limits.
areas are outside plot limits.
v)
v) All All groups groups of of pumps pumps and and compressors, compressors, continuously continuously around around andand piping manifolds, associated with pump stations as well as piping manifolds, associated with pump stations as well as generally under all structures supporting process plant overhead.
generally under all structures supporting process plant overhead.
vi)
vi) Access Access ramps ramps for for maintenance maintenance vehicles, vehicles, trolleys trolleys etc.etc.
g)
g) Concrete access-ways Concrete access-ways should should be be provided provided from from two two opposite opposite direction direction toto all critical equipment such as Fire Water Pump, Instrument Air all critical equipment such as Fire Water Pump, Instrument Air Compressor etc. to cater for operation and maintenance in case of Compressor etc. to cater for operation and maintenance in case of emergency situation.
emergency situation.
h)
h) Concrete paving Concrete paving should should not not normally normally be be provided provided for for walkway walkway access access toto isolated floodlight towers and manholes.
isolated floodlight towers and manholes.
12.1.2
12.1.2 Offsite Offsite AreasAreas
There are no general requirements for paving in offsite areas. However, paving There are no general requirements for paving in offsite areas. However, paving may be required at particular locations such as pump areas, metering areas may be required at particular locations such as pump areas, metering areas and manifold areas where hydrocarbon and chemical leakage or spillage could and manifold areas where hydrocarbon and chemical leakage or spillage could occur.
occur.
12.1.3
12.1.3 Tankage Tankage AreasAreas
For paving details in tankage areas, refer to clause 15.0 of this RP.
For paving details in tankage areas, refer to clause 15.0 of this RP.
12.2
12.2 Paving Paving ArrangArrangementement 12.2.1
12.2.1 Concrete Concrete paving paving should should be laid be laid to falls to falls sloping sloping with with a ga gradient 1 radient 1 in in 100 100 toto drainage points. Bituminous paving wherever provided, should have minimum drainage points. Bituminous paving wherever provided, should have minimum slopes not less than 1
slopes not less than 1 in 60 to ensure adequate drainage without ponding.in 60 to ensure adequate drainage without ponding.
12.2.2
12.2.2 Drain Drain points points and and valley valley lines lines should should be be located located to eto ensure nsure an an unhindered flowunhindered flow past all bases, plinths, columns and other obstructions. High points should be past all bases, plinths, columns and other obstructions. High points should be located along cable trenches, expansion joints and over sub-grade beams, and located along cable trenches, expansion joints and over sub-grade beams, and the valleys along any pipe trenches.
the valleys along any pipe trenches.
12.2.3
12.2.3 Paving Paving layout layout drawings drawings should should show show all basesall bases, plinths, , plinths, columns columns and and otherother obstructions, with paving valley lines and ridges indicated and all falls shown obstructions, with paving valley lines and ridges indicated and all falls shown with arrows in order to eliminate any dead areas t
with arrows in order to eliminate any dead areas that could cause ponding.hat could cause ponding.
12.2.4
12.2.4 Surface drainaSurface drainage ge collection collection points points should should be be provided provided with with their their top level top level setset 25 mm below the paving surface, pipe trench bottom or other underground 25 mm below the paving surface, pipe trench bottom or other underground surface to be drained.
surface to be drained.
12.2.5
12.2.5 Paving Paving should should be be kept as kept as free as free as possible possible from all from all obstructions obstructions liable liable to to cause cause aa trip hazard. Covers for cable and pipe trenches, manholes, sockets and the like trip hazard. Covers for cable and pipe trenches, manholes, sockets and the like should be graded flush with the paving with handgrips sunk below. Open pits should be graded flush with the paving with handgrips sunk below. Open pits and sumps should be protected by railings.
and sumps should be protected by railings.
12.2.6
12.2.6 Pipe trenchePipe trenches ws within the ithin the paved paved areas areas should should be be avoided avoided wherever wherever possible.possible.
Pipe trenches below paving level where unavoidable, should comply with the Pipe trenches below paving level where unavoidable, should comply with the clause 14.3 of this RP.
clause 14.3 of this RP.
12.2.7
12.2.7 Where permanent Where permanent access-ways access-ways from the from the plant plant to to the the surrounding surrounding roads roads areare ramped, the slope should not exceed 1 in 15.
ramped, the slope should not exceed 1 in 15.
12.3
12.3 Edging Edging and and KerbingKerbing 12.3.1
12.3.1 Protection Protection should should generally generally be be provided provided to to the the paving paving formation aformation at t the the perimeterperimeter or edge of all paving. The pavement edging may be formed either by inverted or edge of all paving. The pavement edging may be formed either by inverted kerbs or downstand edge beams of minimum dimensions 150 mm width x 300 kerbs or downstand edge beams of minimum dimensions 150 mm width x 300 mm depth
mm depth where:-a)
a) offsite fill offsite fill or or natural natural ground ground beyond beyond the the plot plot limit limit is is more more than than 100 100 mmmm below the edge of the plot paving.
below the edge of the plot paving.
b)
b) offsite pipe offsite pipe tracks, tracks, cable cable trenches trenches or or draw draw pits, pits, manholes manholes or or valve valve pitspits are at lower levels immediately adjacent to the plot
are at lower levels immediately adjacent to the plot paving limit.paving limit.
12.3.2
12.3.2 Inverted Inverted kerbs okerbs or dor downstand wnstand edge edge beams beams are are not reqnot required uired for the for the edges edges ofof concrete paving and access-ways where they terminate at unpaved areas concrete paving and access-ways where they terminate at unpaved areas within the plot limits or directly adjoin offsite roads or paving.
within the plot limits or directly adjoin offsite roads or paving.
12.3.3
12.3.3 Where concrete Where concrete paved paved access-ways access-ways from the from the plot plot meet meet bituminous bituminous paving paving ofof offsite roads, a flush edge kerb should be provided. Where such access-ways offsite roads, a flush edge kerb should be provided. Where such access-ways adjoin surrounding roads, a minimum internal radius of 9.0 m should be adjoin surrounding roads, a minimum internal radius of 9.0 m should be provided at the junction of
provided at the junction of paved access-ways.paved access-ways.
Fully supported upstand kerbing to a height of 150 mm should be provided Fully supported upstand kerbing to a height of 150 mm should be provided around the bend and for 1000 mm beyond the tangent points. The top surface around the bend and for 1000 mm beyond the tangent points. The top surface of the 1000 mm beyond the tangent point should slope down to road and of the 1000 mm beyond the tangent point should slope down to road and access-way level.
access-way level.
12.3.4
12.3.4 Where paved Where paved and and unpaved unpaved plot plot limits limits adjoin adjoin offsite fill offsite fill or or natural grounnatural ground d moremore than 100 mm below the edge of the plot paving, provision should be made for than 100 mm below the edge of the plot paving, provision should be made for fill to be graded down from plot limits to the lower offsite levels.
fill to be graded down from plot limits to the lower offsite levels.
12.4
12.4 Widths Widths of of Access-waysAccess-ways
Widths of access-ways should be such that they serve the intended purpose Widths of access-ways should be such that they serve the intended purpose without any inconvenience, and should be neither too narrow nor too wide. As a without any inconvenience, and should be neither too narrow nor too wide. As a guidance, the minimum widths should conform to the following as given in guidance, the minimum widths should conform to the following as given in Table-2
Table-2::
Table-2: Recommended Widths of Access-ways Table-2: Recommended Widths of Access-ways Sl.
Sl. No. No. Description Description Minimum Minimum WidthWidth 1
1 Access-ways Access-ways for for vehicles vehicles within within Plant Plant Plot Plot limits limits 6.0 6.0 mm 2
2 Access-ways Access-ways for for Pedestrian Pedestrian 1.0 1.0 mm 3
3 Elevated Elevated walkways walkways within within Plant Plant Plot Plot Limits Limits 1.0 1.0 mm 4
4 Clear Clear Access Access for for Maintenance Maintenance around around individualindividual equipment and its appurtenances isolated from the equipment and its appurtenances isolated from the main paved areas
main paved areas
1.0 m 1.0 m
5
5 Stairways Stairways in in Tankage Tankage areas areas 1.0 1.0 mm
12.5
12.5 Live Live (Imposed) (Imposed) Loads Loads I I 2 2 II
Culverts, bridges, pipe crossings, suspended concrete paving slabs and Culverts, bridges, pipe crossings, suspended concrete paving slabs and removable cover slabs for service trenches should be designed in accordance removable cover slabs for service trenches should be designed in accordance with the
with the live live / impose/ imposed (vd (vehicular) ehicular) loads loads mentioned mentioned in KOin KOC-C-001C-C-001 ”KOC”KOC Standard for Basic Civil Engineering Design Data”
Standard for Basic Civil Engineering Design Data”..
12.6
12.6 Soil Soil Supported Supported Concrete Concrete Paving Paving I I 2 2 II 12.6.1
12.6.1 Concrete pavConcrete paving shing should be ould be designed designed for the for the appropriate thickappropriate thickness wness withith adequate reinforcements for the loads, arising out of the above intended usage adequate reinforcements for the loads, arising out of the above intended usage of the paving within the plant plot limits, offsite and remote places; and shall be of the paving within the plant plot limits, offsite and remote places; and shall be laid on compacted soil to have uniform support.
laid on compacted soil to have uniform support.
12.6.2
12.6.2 Sometimes, Sometimes, minor minor static static equipment, equipment, low low level level manifolds, manifolds, small small diameter pipes,diameter pipes, platforms and stairs are supported on the concrete paving in place of separate platforms and stairs are supported on the concrete paving in place of separate
footings. In that case, the supporting areas of the paving should be thickened footings. In that case, the supporting areas of the paving should be thickened over the normal thickness and should be strengthened with additional over the normal thickness and should be strengthened with additional reinforcements.
reinforcements.
12.6.3
12.6.3 Access-ways Access-ways and and paving paving accessible accessible to to vehicles vehicles / / mobile mobile equipment, equipment, and and dropdrop out areas where heavy loads may be placed or handled during maintenance, out areas where heavy loads may be placed or handled during maintenance, should
should have a minimum thicknhave a minimum thickness of 150 mm, adequess of 150 mm, adequately reinforced in ately reinforced in top andtop and bottom to suit loading and ground conditions.
bottom to suit loading and ground conditions.
12.6.4
12.6.4 Paving Paving not accesnot accessible to sible to vehicles vehicles should be should be reinforced and reinforced and should should have have aa minimum thickness of 125 mm.
minimum thickness of 125 mm.
12.6.5
12.6.5 Permanent Permanent ladders ladders from pafrom paved ved / / ground ground level level should should be be connected, connected, whereverwherever possible, directly to its supporting structure and should be kept clear of the possible, directly to its supporting structure and should be kept clear of the paving to avoid effects of any settlement and corrosion at ground level.
paving to avoid effects of any settlement and corrosion at ground level.
12.6.6
12.6.6 Paving Paving to cabto cable trenches le trenches not snot subject to ubject to vehicular vehicular loading loading and and supported supported onon compacted sand fill should be 75 mm thick concrete screed of characteristic compacted sand fill should be 75 mm thick concrete screed of characteristic strength 10 N/mm
strength 10 N/mm22, generally without reinforcement., generally without reinforcement.
Where cable trenches are subject to vehicular loads, removable type cover Where cable trenches are subject to vehicular loads, removable type cover slabs should be installed in place of
slabs should be installed in place of in-situ paving.in-situ paving.
12.6.7
12.6.7 Paved Paved walkways walkways of the of the main pavmain paved areas ed areas should be should be of 50 of 50 mm thick mm thick precastprecast concrete paving tiles of KOC approved quality, pattern, size and
concrete paving tiles of KOC approved quality, pattern, size and colour.colour.
12.7 Joints 12.7 Joints 12.7.1
12.7.1 Paving Paving slabs slabs shall shall be be provided provided with with movement movement joints joints (contraction / (contraction / expansion)expansion) to minimize the potential cracks in concrete due to the high temperature to minimize the potential cracks in concrete due to the high temperature variation in Kuwait. Hydrocarbon resistant mastic sealing compounds should be variation in Kuwait. Hydrocarbon resistant mastic sealing compounds should be used for joint sealants. Steel reinforcements should be either made continuous used for joint sealants. Steel reinforcements should be either made continuous through contraction joints or curtailed at joints as specified by the designer to through contraction joints or curtailed at joints as specified by the designer to suit the requirements. For more details refer to KOC-C-001
suit the requirements. For more details refer to KOC-C-001 ““KOC Standard forKOC Standard for Basic Civil Engineering Design Data”
Basic Civil Engineering Design Data”..
12.7.2
12.7.2 Paving Paving shall shall be be discontinued discontinued around around equipment equipment bases, bases, pedestals, pedestals, columns,columns, grade beams and manholes unless otherwise specified. A clear gap of suitable grade beams and manholes unless otherwise specified. A clear gap of suitable width ranging from 12 mm to 25 mm shall be provided all around. The joint width ranging from 12 mm to 25 mm shall be provided all around. The joint should be filled with preformed compressible mineral fibre board and should be should be filled with preformed compressible mineral fibre board and should be sealed with approved sealing materials to prevent ingress of water, soil, sealed with approved sealing materials to prevent ingress of water, soil, chemicals and other foreign materials.
chemicals and other foreign materials.
12.7.3
12.7.3 However However screeds screeds should should be be poured poured in-situ agin-situ against ainst the the adjacent adjacent paving paving edgesedges without jointing or sealing, and for a maximum length of 5 m at one time.
without jointing or sealing, and for a maximum length of 5 m at one time.
12.8
12.8 Unpaved Unpaved AreasAreas 12.8.1
12.8.1 Unpaved Unpaved areas areas adjacent to adjacent to building building structures shall structures shall be slopebe sloped (1 d (1 in in 100) 100) toto direct rainwater (from r
direct rainwater (from roof and walkways) away from the structure to the oof and walkways) away from the structure to the nearestnearest
direct rainwater (from roof and walkways) away from the structure to the oof and walkways) away from the structure to the nearestnearest