Análisis y discusión de resultados de las características del clima de aula

endowed with meaningful ideas that could improve the health institutions but are materially/financially poor were excluded from decision-making process.

4.4 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS

In analyzing the data in this section, poverty incidence was computed and the result statistically examined with respect to generated information on the programmes of the National Directorate of Employment and People's Bank.

Here, Po, P1, and P2 are used for head count (incidence), depth and severity respectively. The connotation of the FGT index is determined by the value assigned to alpha (). As noted in methodology, alpha () may assume either zero (o), one (1) or two (2) giving rise to three (3) different variants of the FGT index and consequently measuring Head count (Incidence), Depth and Severity respectively.

In this research, we are concerned with the incidence of poverty.

Thus, our P is equal to Po; our N, q and ya vary from one local government area to another. Our Z (poverty line) is one dollar per head per day. We assume that the naira equivalent is 120.00. As noted in methodology, N120 is the midpoint between two exchange rates (N110 and N130) that prevailed at the time of data collection.

National Directorate of Employment

The FGT index referred to earlier was used to trace the incidence of poverty among the beneficiaries of N.DE. In doing so, the values of N, q, y_a derived from appendix B and contained in table 16 were employed. Here, P = Po and Z = N120 per head per day

Table 16: Values of variables used to obtain poverty incidence among NDE beneficiaries in the study area.

STATE LGAs N Q ya

BENUE Otukpo 117 73 19444.44

Ushongo 62 41 20806.45

NASARAWA Akwanga 37 23 20945.95

Keana 38 16 13223.68

PLATEAU Langtang North 113 62 19668.14

Jos East 29 13 10862.07

Source: Field Survey: 2003

Table 17: Incidence of poverty (in%) among NDE beneficiaries by local government areas.

STATE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA POOR NON-POOR

BENUE Otukpo 62.39 37.61

Ushongo 66.13 33.87

NASARAWA Akwanga 62.16 37.84

Keana 42.11 57.99

PLATEAU Langtang North 54.87 45.13

Jos East 44.83 55.17

Source: Computed from table 16

To obtain the poverty incidence for each local government in percentage, the values of the variables in table 16 were substituted into the FGT index and multiplied by 100. This gave rise to the poverty incidence for respective local government areas as presented in table 17. As indicated in table 17, between 42.1% and 66.13% of NDE beneficiaries in the local government areas covered were categorized as poor in 2003. Though the proportion is higher in urban local government areas than rural ones in Nasarawa and Plateau States, it is higher in Benue's rural local government area than in its urban local government area. In every local government area, more than 40% of the beneficiaries were living below the poverty line. It can thus be concluded that the poverty incidence among beneficiaries of NDE as at 2003 when compared to 1985 figures in table 5 indicates that it became higher in Benue state, but lower in both Nasarawa and Plateau States. This is because while the poverty incidence for Benue state in 1985 was 42.9%, it rose to 62.39% and 66.13% for Otukpo and Ushongo local government areas respectively as at 2003. In the case of Nasarawa state, it declined from 64.2% in 1985 to 62.16% and 42.11% for Akwanga and Keana local government areas respectively in 2003. The incidence in Plateau also declined from 64.2% in 1985 to

54.87% and 44.83% for Langtang North and Jos East local government areas respectively.

The apriori expectation of our first hypothesis which is stated in chapter one under methodology has it that if more than 50% of the sample population fall below the poverty line, the null hypothesis is to be accepted while the alternative hypothesis is rejected. If on the other hand less than 50% of the sample population live below the poverty line, the null hypothesis shall be rejected in favour of the alternative hypothesis. Going by the results in table 17, we accept the null hypothesis which states that poverty alleviation programmes have not significantly reduced poverty level among NDE beneficiaries in the three states with respect to Otukpo, Ushongo, Akwanga and Langtang North local government areas. For Keana and Jos East local government areas, we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis which states that poverty alleviation programmes have significantly reduced poverty in the three states.

People’s Bank

Incidence of poverty among People's Bank beneficiaries has been calculated using the FGT index. The values of the variables derived from appendix c and contained in the formula namely N, q , and y_a are indicated in table 18.

Alpha () is represented by zero (0), while the poverty line (Z) is N120 per head per day.

Table 18: Values of variables used to obtain incidence of poverty among People's Bank beneficiaries.

STATE LGAs N q ya

BENUE Otukpo 169 106 18632.08

Ushongo 86 57 20482.45

NASARAWA Akwanga 55 34 21338.24

Keana 52 22 14545.45

PLATEAU Langtang North 166 90 18750

Jos East 58 55 8660

Source: Field Survey: 2003

Table 19: Incidence of poverty among beneficiaries of People's Bank loans in Local Government Areas covered.

STATE LGAs Poor Non-Poor

BENUE Otukpo 59.3 40.7

Ushongo 66.97 33.03

NASARAWA Akwanga 70 30

Keana 79.03 20.97

PLATEAU Langtang North 73.08 26.92

Jos East 59.38 40.62

Source: computed from table 18

To obtain the poverty incidence for each local government area in percentage, the values of the variables in table 18 had to be substituted into the FGT index and multiplied by 100. The poverty incidence obtained from such computation for the respective local government areas have been presented in table 19. From table 19, between 59.3% and 79.03% of the households sampled in the local government areas that benefited from people bank's loans were categorized as poor by 2003. In Benue and Nasarawa States, the proportion was higher in rural local government areas than in urban local government areas. The situation was different in Plateau State as the proportion became higher in the urban local government area than in the rural local government area.

Comparing tables 5 and 19, one can conclude that the poverty incidence among beneficiaries of Peoples Bank rose in the three states except in Jos East local government area in 2003. This is because while in 1985 the incidence was 42.9% in Benue and 64.2% in Nasarawa /Plateau, it rose to 59.30% and 66.97% in Otukpo and Ushongo local government areas of Benue State respectively; 70%

and 79.03% in Akwanga and Keana local government areas of Nasarawa State respectively; 73.08% in Langtang North local

government area of Plateau State but declined to 59.38% in Jos East local government area of Plateau State.

As indicated by the data in table 19, the poverty level among People’s Bank beneficiaries was between 59.3% and 79.03% as at 2003. This means that, more than 50% of the beneficiaries in the sample population lived below the poverty line as at 2003. We therefore accept the null hypothesis which states that poverty alleviation programmes have not significantly reduced poverty level in all the local government areas sampled in the three states and reject the alternative hypothesis.