4. RESULTADOS
4.2 Análisis inferencial
List of project interviewees
Darren
Darren Atkinson,Atkinson, Edunova (25 Edunova (25 May May 2006)2006) Stephen Carrick-Da
Stephen Carrick-Davies,vies, Childnet IntChildnet International (25 ernational (25 May May 2006)2006) Julian Sefton-Gr
Julian Sefton-Green,een, Academic and WAcademic and Writer (26 May 2006)riter (26 May 2006) David B
David Buckinghauckingham,m, InstiInstitute otute off EducaEducation (tion (6 J6 June 20une 2006)06) Cary Bazalget
Cary Bazalgette,te, BFI (14 JBFI (14 June 2006)une 2006) V
Valerie Thompson,alerie Thompson, e-Learning Foundation (15 e-Learning Foundation (15 June June 2006)2006) Nei
Neil Sel Selwyn,lwyn, CardCardiffiff SchooSchool ofl of SociaSocial Scl Scienciences (es (20 J20 June une 2006)2006) Caro
Caroline Pline Pelletieelletierr,, InstiInstitute otute off EducaEducation,tion, London London (21 J(21 June 20une 2006)06) Jac
Jackie Mkie Marsh arsh and and JuJulia Dlia Davies,avies, DepartmeDepartment ofnt of EducEducation,ation, SheffiSheffieldeld Uni
University (14 versity (14 July 2006)July 2006) Gil V
Gil Valentine,alentine, Leeds UniLeeds University (14 July 2006)versity (14 July 2006) Aidan Prior and
Aidan Prior and Adrian Hall,Adrian Hall, Steljes (17 JSteljes (17 July 2006)uly 2006) Garet
Gareth Mills,h Mills, QCA (26 JQCA (26 July 2006)uly 2006) Ke
Keri Facerri Facer,, Futurelab (15 AFuturelab (15 August 2006)ugust 2006) Richa
Richard Millword Millwood,od, Ultralab (24 AugUltralab (24 August 2006)ust 2006) David Crossley
David Crossley,, Specialist Schools and Academies TSpecialist Schools and Academies Trustrust (14 November 2006)
(14 November 2006)
Notes Notes
11 S S JJoohhnnssoonn,, Everything Bad is Everything Bad is Good for YGood for You: How today’s popular culture isou: How today’s popular culture is actually making us smarter
actually making us smarter (Lond(London:on: PePenguin nguin BookBooks,s, 2005).2005).
22 See httpSee http://://en.wen.wikiikipedpedia.ia.orgorg/wi/wiki/ki/BebBebo (aco (accescessed 1sed 12 De2 Dec 200c 2006).6).
33 SSeee e D D BBuucckkiinngghhaamm,, After the Death of After the Death of Childhood: Growing up in the age of Childhood: Growing up in the age of electronic media
electronic media (Cambri(Cambridge:dge: PoPolity lity PrePress,ss, 2000);2000); A A ProProut,ut, The Future of The Future of Childhood
Childhood (Abingdon,(Abingdon, Oxford Oxford and Nand New ew YYork:ork: Routledge Routledge FalmerFalmer,, 2005).2005).
44 ‘‘GGeenneerarattiioon n ggaapp’’,, The TimesThe Times,, 3 M3 May ay 2006.2006.
55 See See wwwwww.smit.smith-insh-institutitute.ote.org.uk/rg.uk/eventevent-weal-wealth-oth-of-natif-nation.hton.htm m (acc(accessed essed 12 12 DecDec 2006).
2006).
66 G BG Brorown,wn, spespeech ech to to the the SmiSmith Ith Instnstititute ute at at the the GuGuild ild HalHall,l, 28 M28 Mar 2ar 2006006..
77 J PurnelJ Purnell,l, ‘M‘Makiaking Bring Britaitain the won the worldrld’’s cres creatiative huve hubb’’,, spespeech tech to the io the ipprppr,, JJun 200un 2005,5, see
see www.cwww.culture.govulture.gov.uk/Referenc.uk/Reference_library/Press_notices/are_library/Press_notices/archive_2005/chive_2005/
purnell_creative_i
purnell_creative_inds_speech.htm (accessed 14 Dec nds_speech.htm (accessed 14 Dec 2006).2006).
88 AK ChowAK Chowdhudhuryry,, UN UUN Undender-r-SecSecretretary-ary-GenGeneraeral and Hil and High Regh Reprpreseesentantatitive fove for ther the Least Developed C
Least Developed Countries,ountries, Landlocked DevLandlocked Developing Countries and Smaeloping Countries and Smallll Island Developing Stat
Island Developing States,es, statement to the Shanghai Sympostatement to the Shanghai Symposium on thesium on the Crea
Creativtive Econome Economyy,, 15 Dec 2005,15 Dec 2005, ShanghShanghai,ai, ChinaChina,, see wwwsee www.un.o.un.org/sprg/special ecial--rep/ohrlls/Stat
rep/ohrlls/Statements/15%20dec%2005%20-%20crements/15%20dec%2005%20-%20creative%20eceative%20economies.pdf onomies.pdf (accessed 12 Dec 2006).
(accessed 12 Dec 2006).
99 M M CCaarrnnooyy,, Sustaining the NSustaining the New Economy: Wew Economy: Work,ork, family and community in thefamily and community in the information age
information age (Cambri(Cambridge,dge, MA:MA: HarvarHarvard Ud Univniversity ersity PresPress,s, 2000)2000)..
10
10 S GS Gilillilinsnson on aand nd D OD O’L’Leaearyry,, WWorking Progess: How to reconnect young orking Progess: How to reconnect young people and people and organisations
organisations (Lo(Londondon:n: DemDemos,os, 2002006).6).
11
11 L Rainie,L Rainie,‘They a‘They are tre the fuhe future ture – and – and they’they’re cre cominoming tg to a o a workworkplacplace neae near yr youou’’,, Financial Times
Financial Times,, 19 Se19 Sep 200p 2006.6.
1122 IIbbiidd..
13
13 J Seely BrJ Seely Brown aown and D nd D ThomaThomas,s, ‘Y‘You plou play ay WWorld orld ofof WWarcraarcraft? ft? YYouou’r’re hire hired!’ed!’,, WhWhy y multiplay
multiplayer games may er games may be the best kind be the best kind ofof job training,job training, Wired Wired ,, 14 A14 Apr 20pr 2006.06.
1144 SSeeee Government Response to PGovernment Response to Paul Robertsaul Roberts’’ Report on Nurturing CreReport on Nurturing Creativity inativity in
Young People
Young People (2006),(2006), available at www.cultuavailable at www.culture.govre.gov.uk/Referenc.uk/Reference_library/e_library/
Publications/ar
Publications/archive_2006/gchive_2006/govtresponse_nurturingcreaovtresponse_nurturingcreativitytivity.htm .htm (accessed (accessed 1414 Dec 2006).
Dec 2006).
15
15 GillGillininsoson n anand d OO’L’Leaearyry,, Working ProgressWorking Progress..
16
16 I Illich,I Illich,‘‘A specA special sial suppupplemlement – Edent – Educaucatiotion withn without sout schochool:ol: hohow it caw it can be donn be done’e’,, The New Y
The New York Review ofork Review of BooksBooks 15,15, no 1no 12,2, 7 J7 Jan 1an 1971971..
17
17 See See wwwwww.lit.literacytruseracytrust.ort.org.uk/dg.uk/databaatabase/ICse/ICTpresTpress.htms.html l (acc(accessed essed 12 12 Dec Dec 2006).2006).
18
18 See See wwwwww.dfes.dfes.gov.gov.uk/.uk/rsgatrsgatewayeway/DB//DB/VVOL/v0OL/v00006300063/se2-/se2-t9a.ht9a.htm tm (acc(accessed essed 1212 Dec 2006).
Dec 2006).
19
19 S LS Liivivingngststoone ne anand M d M BoBovivillll,, YYoung People,oung People, New MediaNew Media,, fifinanal rel repoport ofrt of ththee project
project ‘Children,‘Children, young people and the changing media enyoung people and the changing media environment’vironment’,, an LSEan LSE repo
report (Londrt (London:on: LondLondon Scon School ohool off EconEconomicomics,s, 1999)1999),, see wwwsee www.lse.a.lse.ac.uk/c.uk/
collections/media@lse/w
collections/media@lse/whosWho/soniahosWho/soniaLivingstonePublicatLivingstonePublications3.htm ions3.htm (accessed(accessed 12 Dec 2006).
12 Dec 2006).
20
20 DeDepapartmrtmenent t fofor r EdEducucatatioion n anand d SkSkilillsls,, Building Schools for the Building Schools for the FutureFuture (London:(London:
DfE
DfES,S, 2002003).3).
21
21 S PS Pararkkerer,, H GH Grreeeen an and nd S WS Wririghght,t, Strong Foundations: Why schools have to beStrong Foundations: Why schools have to be built on learning
built on learning (Lond(London:on: DfES,DfES, forthcforthcominoming).g).
22
22 GillGillininsoson n anand d OO’L’Leaearyry,, Working ProgressWorking Progress..
23
23 GfK NOP GfK NOP RanRandodom Lom Locatcation ion OmnOmnibuibus cs condonductucted ted the she survurvey oey off 620 620 parparentents ats at 175 sampling points across the country with quotas for
175 sampling points across the country with quotas for age and sex withinage and sex within work
working sting status,atus, socisocial clasal class,s, maritmarital statal status,us, pareparental stntal status anatus and age ofd age of childchild..
24
24 IbIbidid.. ThThe Ge GfK fK NONOP dP datata aa are re ecechohoed ed by by ththe Ne NCH CH rerepoport,rt, Get I.TGet I.T.. Safe: ChildSafe: Children,ren, parents and technology survey 2006
parents and technology survey 2006 ,, avaavailablilable ae att www.nc
www.nch.org.uk/stories/index.ph.org.uk/stories/index.php?i=387 (accessed 12 Dec 2006),hp?i=387 (accessed 12 Dec 2006), which foundwhich found that one-thi
that one-third ofrd of children children surveyed,surveyed, including oincluding one in fine in five 11-yeave 11-year-olds,r-olds, regularly use
regularly use the internet the internet for blogging,for blogging, yet twoyet two-thirds o-thirds off parents do parents do not know not know what a blog is and
what a blog is and only 1% thought that their child used them.only 1% thought that their child used them.
25
25 See See wwwwww.ch.childildnetnet-in-int.ot.org/ rg/ (ac(accescessed sed 12 12 Dec Dec 2002006).6).
26
26 The Good ChThe Good Childildhoohood Inqd Inquiry auiry aims tims to ideo identintify and afy and addrddress tess the mohe most imst importportantant issues facing
issues facing children in children in the UK.the UK. SeeSee www.c
www.childrenssocietyhildrenssociety.org.uk/what+we+do/The+go.org.uk/what+we+do/The+good+childhood+iod+childhood+inquiry/nquiry/
(accessed 14 Dec 2006).
(accessed 14 Dec 2006).
2277 S S PPaallmmeerr,, TToxic Childhood: How the modern world is oxic Childhood: How the modern world is damaging our children and damaging our children and what we can do about it
what we can do about it (Lo(Londondon:n: OriOrion,on, 2002006).6).
28
28 A survey reA survey reportported reed recencently btly by BBC ney BBC news inws indicdicatated thed that moat more thre than nian nine oune out of t of ten 12-year-old
ten 12-year-olds in the UK s in the UK now have a mobile phone.now have a mobile phone. The Mobile Life SurveyThe Mobile Life Survey,, commissioned
commissioned by Carphone by Carphone WWarehouse,arehouse, quizzed 1250 peoquizzed 1250 people aged 11–17.ple aged 11–17. SeeSee http://news.bbc.co
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5358784..uk/2/hi/business/5358784.stm (accessed stm (accessed 12 Dec 12 Dec 2006).2006).
29
29 LiLivivingngststonone e anand d BoBovivillll,, YYoung People,oung People, New MediNew Mediaa,, sesee ale alsoso www.lse.ac
www.lse.ac.uk/collections/media@lse/p.uk/collections/media@lse/pdf/young/chadf/young/chapter4.pdfpter4.pdf (accessed 14 Dec(accessed 14 Dec 2006);
2006); S LivingsS Livingstone and M Boviltone and M Bovill,l, Families and the Internet: An observational Families and the Internet: An observational study of
study of children and young children and young people’people’s internet uses internet use,, final repofinal report to Brt to BT (London:T (London:
LSE,
LSE, 2001),2001), see see wwwwww.lse.a.lse.ac.uk/c.uk/collcollectioections/medns/media@lseia@lse//
pdf/
pdf/btrepbtreport_faort_familiemiliesintsinternet.pernet.pdfdf (acc(accessed 12 Dec 2006);essed 12 Dec 2006); M Bovill and SM Bovill and S
Livi
Livingstongstone,ne, ‘Bedr‘Bedroom cultuoom culture and the privatre and the privatizatization ofion of media usemedia use’’ in Sin S Livingstone and M Bovill (eds),
Livingstone and M Bovill (eds), Children and their Changing MediaChildren and their Changing Media Environment: A European comparative study
Environment: A European comparative study (Mah(Mahwah,wah, NJ:NJ: LawrLawrence ence ErlbaErlbaumum Asso
Associatciates,es, 2001).2001).
30
30 SuSurvrvey oey off 101000 h00 homomeoeownewners lrs livivining wig with cth chihildldreren unn undeder thr the age age ofe of 1616..
‘T
‘Teenagers in hi-tech world ofeenagers in hi-tech world of their own’their own’,, GuardianGuardian,, 8 J8 Jul 2ul 2003003,, citcited aed att www.li
www.literacytrust.org.uk/Database/media.html (accessed 14 Dec teracytrust.org.uk/Database/media.html (accessed 14 Dec 2006).2006).
31
31 K DrotnK Drotnerer,, ‘M‘Modeodernirnity anty and med media dia panpanicsics’’ in M Sin M Skokovmavmand and and Knd KC ScC Schrohroedeederr (eds),
(eds), Media C Media Cultures: Reapprultures: Reappraising transnational mediaaising transnational media (Lond(London:on: RouRoutledgtledge,e, 1992);
1992); C Bazalgette C Bazalgette and D and D Buckingham (eds),Buckingham (eds), In FrIn Front ofont of the Chilthe Childrendren (London:(London:
British
British Film Film Institute,Institute, 1995).1995).
32
32 LiLivivingngststonone e anand d BoBovivillll,, YYoung People,oung People, New MediNew Mediaa..
3333 B HB Haayywwaarrd d eet t aall,, Young People and ICT Young People and ICT (Lo(Londondon:n: DfEDfES/BS/Bectecta,a, 2002002),2), citcited ed inin J Sefton-Green,
J Sefton-Green, Literature Review in Informal Learning Literature Review in Informal Learning with Tewith Technology Outsidechnology Outside School
School (Brist(Bristol:ol: NESTNESTA FutA Futurelaurelab,b, 2004)2004),, avaiavailable atlable at www.fu
www.futurelab.org.uk/rturelab.org.uk/research/reviews/07_01.htm (accessed 12 esearch/reviews/07_01.htm (accessed 12 Dec 2006).Dec 2006).
3344 JJP P GGeeee,, What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Literacy and Learning What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Literacy and Learning (New (New Y
York:ork: PaPalgravlgrave e MacMacmillamillan n GLA,GLA, 2003)2003)..
35
35 W WW Wrirightght,, ‘D‘Dreream mam macachihinenes:s: hohow gaw gamemes ars are unle unleaeashshining thg the hue humamann imagination’,
imagination’, Wired Wired 14.04 (A14.04 (Apr 2006).pr 2006). The avThe average age oferage age of game plagame players is 28;yers is 28;
and 43% o
and 43% off game plagame players aryers are femalee female.. B Flynn,B Flynn, ‘Vi‘Video gamdeo games and the nees and the new look w look domesticity’,
domesticity’, Bad SubjectsBad Subjects,, Oct Oct 2001,2001, see see httphttp://es://eservererver.org/.org/bs/57bs/57/flynn/flynn.html.html (accessed 12 Dec 2006).
(accessed 12 Dec 2006).
3366 SSeeffttoonn--GGrreeeenn.. Literature Review in Informal Learning Literature Review in Informal Learning with Twith Technology Outsideechnology Outside School
School ..
3377 T T AAlleexxaannddeerr,, Family Family Learning: The Learning: The foundation offoundation of effective educeffective educationation (London:(London:
Dem
Demos,os, 1991997).7).
38
38 BBC BBC newnews sts storyory,, ‘N‘Net aet abusbuse e “s“startarts its in prin primarmariesies”’”’,, 2 Fe2 Feb 200b 2006,6, UUnivniversersity ity of of Central Lancashire academics found internet plagiarism peaked in the same Central Lancashire academics found internet plagiarism peaked in the same year groups.
year groups. The report suggests boThe report suggests boys more likely tys more likely to use the internet to co use the internet to cheatheat than girls.
than girls. See http://news.bbc.coSee http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/edu.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/4673156.stmcation/4673156.stm (accessed 12 Dec 2006).
(accessed 12 Dec 2006).
39
39 DanDanah Boyah Boyd’d’s blog,s blog, see wwwsee www.ze.zephophoriaria.or.org/tg/thouhoughtghts/as/arcrchivhives/es/mymyspaspace/ce/
(accessed 12 Dec 2006).
(accessed 12 Dec 2006).
40
40 See wSee wwwww.ho.horsersesmosmouthuth.co.co.uk f.uk for moor more dere detaitails (acls (accescessed 1sed 12 Dec 202 Dec 2006)06)..
41
41 J MarJ Margo go anand M Dd M Dixixon on witwith N Ph N Peaearcrce ane and H Rd H Reeeed,d, Freedom’s Orphans: Raising Freedom’s Orphans: Raising youth in a changing world
youth in a changing world (Lo(Londondon:n: ippipprr,, 2002006).6).
42
production in media education (Lond(London:on: EnglisEnglish and Meh and Media Cendia Centre,tre, 1995).1995).
45
45 The ScreThe Screen Plen Play say survurvey noey noted ted thathat 11% t 11% ofof chichildrldren ren repoeporterted wed websibsite dte desiesignigningng as a w
as a weekly internet aeekly internet activityctivity.. See R SSee R Sutherland,utherland, J Furlong J Furlong and R Fand R Furlong,urlong, ‘Screen‘Screen Their Space
Their Space
Play: an exploratory study of children’s techno-popular culture’, ESRC ref:
R000237298, 1998–2000, see
www.interactiveeducation.ac.uk/out_of_school2.htm (accessed 14 Dec 2006).
46 See www.wac.co.uk/sharedspaces/game_making.pdf (accessed 12 Dec 2006).
47 The ‘net generation’ [is] ‘exceptionally curious, self-reliant, contrarian, smart, focused, able to adapt, high in self-esteem, and has a global orientation’. From D Tapscott, Growing Up Digitally: The rise of the net generation (New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1998).
48 See www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/reith2005/lectures.shtml (accessed 14 Dec 2006).
49 Johnson, Everything Bad is Good for You.
50 JP Gee, What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Learning and Literacy . 51 J Beck and M Wade, Got Game: How the gamer generation is reshaping business
forever (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2004).
52 M Perensky, ‘Digital natives, digital immigrants’, see
www.twitchspeed.com/site/Prensky%20-%20Digital%20Natives,%20Digital%20Immigrants%20-%20Part1.htm (accessed 12 Dec 2006).
53 K Facer and R Furlong,‘Beyond the myth of the cyberkid: young people at the margins of the information revolution’, Journal of Youth Studies 4 no 4 (2001).
54 Government Response to Paul Roberts’ Report on Nurturing Creativity in Young People.
57 T Bentley, Learning Beyond the Classroom (London: Demos, 1998).
58 Interview with Jackie Marsh and Julia Davies for this project. For more
information see J Marsh et al, Digital Beginnings: Young children’s use of popular culture, media and new technologies (Sheffield: University of Sheffield, 2005), see www.digitalbeginnings.shef.ac.uk/index.htm (accessed 14 Dec 2006) and
www.esmeefairbairn.org.uk/docs/DigitalBeginningsReport.pdf (accessed 15 Dec 2006).
59 See www.notschool.net (accessed 12 Dec 2006).
60 Interview for this project with Mark Klekot, headteacher, Stiperstones Primary school (4 Aug 2006).
61 See Marsh et al, Digital Beginnings.
62 See About Learning: Report of the Learning Working Group (London: Demos, 2005) for a comprehensive summary and analysis of the research.
63 Interview for this project with Valerie Thompson, e-Learning Foundation, 15 Jun 2006.
64 Rainie, ‘They are the future’.
65 Ofcom defines media literacy as ‘the ability to access, understand and create communications in a variety of contexts’. See www.ofcom.org.uk/advice/
media_literacy/of_med_lit/whatis/ (accessed 14 Dec 2006).
66 K Facer, ‘What do we mean by the digital divide? Exploring the roles of access, relevance and resource networks’ in Toshiba/BECTA Digital Divide, seminar report, Aug 2002.
67 A Colley and C Comber, ‘School subject preferences: age and gender differences revisited’, Educational Studies 29, no 1 (2003).
68 Hayward et al, Young People and ICT .
69 K Facer et al, Screenplay: Children’s computing in the home (London: Routledge Falmer, 2003).
70 C Pelletier, Studying Games in School: A framework for media education (London: Centre for the Study of Children, Youth and Media, London Knowledge Lab, 2005).
71 Interview with young people at ‘The Hub’ in Peckham, 16 Sep 2006.
72 J Markoff, What the Dormouse Said: How the 60s counter-culture shaped the PC revolution (New York: Viking, 2005).
73 P Himanen, The Hacker Ethic (London: Random House, 2001).
74 Roberts Report, ‘Nurturing creativity in young people’,
www.culture.gov.uk/Reference_library/Publications/archive_2006/nurturing_cr eativity.htm (accessed 14 Dec 2006).
75 The Office of the Children’s Commissioner was created by the Children Act 2004. It looks after the interests and acts as a voice of children and young people.
Their Space
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