Análisis de la interacción comunicativa entrenador-atleta durante el combate

In 2014, the British government announced a crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood and a network of Islamist groups accused of fuelling extremism in Britain and across the Arab world.18 This announcement followed an inquiry earlier in the year promoted by concerns that the group disseminated an ideology which encouraged British Muslims to pursue jihad in Syria and Iraq. 19 In founding the brotherhood, Egyptian cleric Hassan Al-Banna claimed to be responding to the wider decline of religion in global politics. Meanwhile, his fundamentalist movement would serve as a vanguard

16 _{J. Jankowski, 'The Egyptian blue shirts and the Egyptian Wafd, 1935–1938', Middle}

Eastern Studies, vol. 6, no.1, 1970, pp. 77-95.

17 _{For a first hand account of how Hizb ut-Tahir radicalized a generation of British} Muslims see E. Hussain, The Islamist. London, Penguin, 2007

18 _{R. Mendick, ‘Downing Street set to crack down on the Muslim Brotherhood’,}

Telegraph, 19th _{October 2014,}

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/11171979/Downing-Street-set-to-crack- down-on-the-Muslim-Brotherhood.html, (accessed 24th October 2014)

against decadence and corruption; failures he believed had become synonymous with democracy due to the separation between Church and State. Al-Banna remarked at the time, ‘Politics is part of religion and that to impose upon Islam, the Christian separation of loyalties, is to deny its essential meaning and very existence’.20Al- Banna directed this proclamation towards the British who at the time were in their last decade as colonial rulers of Egypt. Seeking to replace colonialism with an Islamic state, Al-Banna sought to remove foreign occupiers through initially peaceful means.21 In order to build support for his ambitions, he began a programme of small charitable missionaries around the country. By the mid 1940’s as the Second World War ended, the Muslim Brotherhood had garnered sufficient momentum and popular support to launch an armed insurgency against the residual British military presence. The assassination of Al-Banna in 1949 had little impact on either the organisation he founded or the regional Islamic fundamentalist movement more generally. Due to Al- Banna, Muslim ambitions to live under Shariah continued to gain support and quickly spread to Palestine, Syria and Jordan.22

In 1952, British colonial rule of Egypt ended following a military coup d'etat led by a group of young Military officers.23 The Muslim Brotherhood played a supporting role in the regime change and were initially given a free reign as a quasi- opposition movement. Relations soon soured, however, after a failed attempt by the brotherhood to assassinate President Gamal Nasser in 1954. Security forces swiftly imprisoned thousands of supporters forcing the group to move its operations underground. After a lengthy period of internal exile, the brotherhood sought to re- join mainstream politics in the 1980s by disassociating itself with armed violence and forming alliances with other mostly socialist political parties. In 2005, demonstrating either tacit approval of the group’s general Islamic fundamentalist ideology or a

20 _{J. Schanzer, ‘A War with Whom? A Short history of radical Islam’, Middle East}

Forum, Spring 2002, http://www.meforum.org/168/at-war-with-whom, (accessed 9th October 2014)

21 _{B. Lia, The Society of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt, Reading, England, Ithaca} Press, 2008

22 _{M. Shadid, 'The Muslim brotherhood movement in the West bank and Gaza', Third}

World Quarterly, vol. 10, no. 2, 1988, pp. 658-82

23_{Staff Reporter, ‘Profile: Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood’, BBC News Online,}

December 2013, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12313405, (accessed 24th October 2014)

rejection of authoritarian rule, voters enabled the party to secure 20% of parliamentary seats. In response to the growing challenge to his rule, authoritarian dictator Hosni Mubarak introduced ‘legal’ reforms designed to suppress religious based opposition, thereby again forcing the group and its leaders back on to the fringes of Egyptian politics. 24

Popular protests that began sweeping the Middle East in December 2010, eventually led to the overthrow of President Mubarak in February 2011.25 Unarmed civilians utilising social media achieved in a matter of weeks what armed fundamentalist insurgents were unable to satisfy in a generation. Standing in subsequent parliamentary elections, the Muslim Brotherhood rebranded as the ‘Freedom and Justice Party’ (FJP), secured nearly half the seats in the People's Assembly, eclipsing the earlier performances of independents allied to the movement.26 The following year, Mohammed Morsi, a long-standing leader of the brotherhood, became Egypt's first democratically elected president securing 51% of the vote in elections declared free and fair by international observers.27 _{After less than} a year in office, the US financed Egyptian military ousted President Morsi, accusing him of inciting violence and conspiring with a foreign power.28 Following the coup, Egyptian authorities arrested thousands of supporters, sentencing hundreds either to death or a long prison sentence.29 At the same time the post-coup military regime banned the Muslim brotherhood whom they now designated a terrorist organisation.

24 _{J. Stacher, Adaptable Autocrats: Regime Power in Egypt and Syria, Stanford,} Stanford University Press, 2012

25 _{C. McGreal and J. Shenker, ‘Hosni Mubarak resigns and Egypt celebrates a new} dawn’. Guardian. 11th _{February 2007,}

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/11/hosni-mubarak-resigns-egypt-cairo, (accessed 24th October)

26 _{Staff Reporter‘Profile: Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood’}

27 _{I. Black, ‘Mohamed Morsi victory is a landmark for Egypt – but a qualified one’,}

Guardian Online, 24th June 2012,

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jun/24/mohamed-morsi-victory- landmark, (accessed 24th October 2014)

28 _{B. Wedeman and R. Sayah and M. Smith, ‘Coup topples Egypt's Morsy; deposed} president under house arrest’. CNN, 4th July 2014,

http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/03/world/meast/egypt-protests, (accessed 24th _October 2014)

29 _{L. Noueihed, ‘Muslim Brotherhood leader Mohamed Badie jailed for life in Egypt’.}

Islamic fundamentalists decried the actions of the Egyptian military, citing pressure from Israel and the United States as the overarching catalyst. Leading observers argue the brotherhood renounced violence as a means of political change decades ago and that it had been ‘robbed of political power won fairly at the ballot box’. 30 The message to Islamic fundamentalists was that even if they gained power according to western ideals of democracy, fears of an Islamic Caliphate would inevitably prevent them taking office. Consequently, this untenable situation adds weight to the claims made by preachers in the UK, specifically that combative jihad and if necessary terrorism, presents the only realistic means of gaining and securing power in the world today. Extreme brutality witnessed in Syria at the behest of ISIS, is arguably the result of western nations failing themselves to abide by what they publically advocate in terms of democracy and non-interference in the domestic affairs of sovereign states.