Análisis de las variables en relación a la consulta en portales de opinión

are parts o f a larger order, they are unable to develop fully. Personal freedom can occur only through education, and the key to education, for Schiller, is the experience o f beauty. Therefore, sensuality tempered by aesthetic education is necessary not only for the proper balance o f the individual soul, but also for the development o f society. Such development comes from aesthetic judgments that allow beauty to guide reason. The problem is that humanity occupies two conflicting realms: Nature (complexity, content, phenomena, feeling) and Reason (unity, form, morality, consciousness). Only Art can resolve this duality through a uniting o f the material instict [Sofftreib] with the formal instinct [Formtreib], and sensuousness with reason. When this unity is achieved through a kind o f play impulse [Speiltreib], beauty will result, Art will endow humanity with

acknowledged Schinkel’s increasingly tectonic concerns, he seemed more drawn to Gilly’s view of architecture as a social practice.

David Gilly

It is significant that David Gilly (1748-1808), Friedrich’s father, trained his son, Friedrich, and Karl Friedrich Schinkel.9 The elder Gilly descended from a French Huguenot family that settled in the Pomeranian region of Prussia in 1689, an area won by Prussia from Sweden in the Northern War (1720). The Edict o f Potsdam, issued in 1685, had encouraged the Huguenots to settle in Prussia and escape the religious persecution that followed revocation o f the Edict o f Nantes earlier that year.10

physical and spiritual well-being, and the State will vanish. See Israel Knox, The Aesthetic Theories o f Kant, Hegel, and Schopenhauer (New York: The Humanities Press, 1958), pp. 70-74.

Eidlitz believed that Schiller’s notion o f duality did not go far enough, and he likened the situation to a pendulum in which Nature and Reason could not be kept in check solely by Art. For Eidlitz, Art is a powerful and independent force that is based on humanity’s inherent need for “re-creation, a desire to do, to work, [and] to explain and illustrate nature’s laws.” Leopold Eidlitz, The Nature and Function o f Art, M ore Especially o f Architecture (New York: A. C. Armstrong & Son; London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington,

1881), pp. 147-49.

9 Biographical information is based on Barry Bergdoll, “Friedrich Gilly” in Macmillan Encyclopedia o f Architects, 4 vols., A dolf K., Placzek, ed. (New York: Free Press; London: Collier Macmillan, 1982), vol. 2, pp. 205-08; Robert Williams, “David Gilly” in Grove Dictionary o f Art, Jane Turner, ed., 34 vols. (London: Macmillan Publishers Limited; N ew York: Grove’s Dictionaries, Inc., 1996), vol. 12, pp. 641-42; Watkin and Mellinghoff, pp. 64-74; Hitchcock, pp. 42-43; Fritz Neumeyer, “Introduction,” Friedrich Gilly, Friedrich Gilly: Essays on Architecture, 1796-1799, David Britt, trans. (Santa Monica, CA: The Getty Center for the History o f Art and the Humanities, 1994),pp. 1-10.

10 Gilly, Friedrich Gilly: Essays on Architecture, 1796-1799, p. 137, n. 4.

The Edict o f Nantes, issued by Henri IV on 13 April 1598, granted French Protestants rights equivalent to those o f Roman Catholics. The Edict was intended to end the Wars o f Religion fought among the Catholic League and the Huguenots from 1562 to 1598, and it restored peace and internal unity to France for many years. Henri had been a Protestant until assuming the throne, and he remained sympathetic to their concerns despite converting to Roman Catholicism to become king (“Paris is worth a Mass”). On 18 October 1685, Louis XIV renounced the Edict and declared Protestantism illegal. Although the Wars o f Religion did not resume, the action increased hostility among the Protestant nations that surrounded France. Many Protestants left France, with most going to England and Germany, thereby aiding her enemies, and depriving her o f many o f her most skilled and industrious citizens.

Potsdam was the capitol o f Brandenburg, a Prussian state and Germany’s largest electorate. In 1640, the Hohenzollem elector Frederick Wilhelm assumed power there. He issued the Edict o f Potsdam on 29 October 1685 to encourage the Huguenots (as well as colonists from Holland and Switzerland) to settle in Brandenburg to stimulate development o f commerce and trade. In 1701, Elector Frederick III o f Brandenburg crowned him self Frederick I, King in Prussia, and under the reign o f his son, Frederick II (“The Great,” reg. 1787-89), Prussia emerged as a European power.

Bom in the port city of Schwedt, David was the first to pass the state architectural examination in 1770 and rose to the rank o f Baudirektor (Director o f Building) in Pomerania in 1799. In that position, he led harbor construction at Swinemuende and Colberg, designed and erected bridges, churches, and public buildings, and was involved in town planning. In 1783, he opened a private school of architecture in the Pomeranian city o f Stettin, which emphasized French rationalist theory within the context o f rural commissions, and it was at this school that his son, Friedrich, received his initial training. In 1788, on the orders o f Frederick Wilhelm II, David moved to Berlin to become the Geheimen Oberbaurat (Superintending Architect) in the Oberhofbaumt (Construction Supervision Bureau). Also called to Berlin at that time were Carl Gotthard Langhans (1733-1808)11 and Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Erdmannsdorff (1736-1800),12 the leading practitioners o f neoclassicism in Germany. Their arrival marked the beginning o f a significant break with Baroque architectural taste.

David Gilly maintained his involvement in architectural education by directing the private Lehranstalt zum Untrerricht junger Leute in der Baukunst (Institute for the Education of Young People in the Art of Building) from 1793 to 1796. He was also the founder of the Bauakademie, established in Berlin in 1799 by the Royal Prussian Oberbaudepartement (Office o f Works) as an

11 Langhans was bom in Silesia and trained in Breslau before becoming the Oberburaut in Silesia. When he