building.
If asked his opinion, he usually remained silent.
P a s t p a r t ic ip le c l a u s e s c a n b e u s e d to s h o r t e n a s e n t e n c e w it h a p a s s iv e v e r b :
Although I was badly wounded,... Although badly wounded,...
P e rfe c t p a rtic ip le clau ses
( fo r m : having + v e r b + -ed)
Having lived in London all my life, I couldn't imagine moving. Having finished the shopping, we went to a cafe for lunch.
P e r f e c t p a r t ic ip le c l a u s e s c a n b e u s e d to s h o w t h e s e q u e n c e o f tw o e v e n t s :
W e finished the shopping. Then we went to a cafe.
—» Having finished the shopping, we went to a cafe.
P a r t i c i p l e c l a u s e s m u s t h a v e th e s a m e s u b j e c t a s th e m a in c la u s e . S o w e c a n s a y :
After going online, type a word into Google.
B u t n o t:
After going online, Google will appear on the screen.
Unit 1
» c o
1 s a r a h Yeah, I found it rea lly d iffic u lt
at firs t because I d id n 't speak the language very w e ll, but it w as p re tty easy to fit in a fte r a w h ile because people are very friendly. I also w as lu cky to m eet a lot of expats here. I re a lly m iss m y frie n d s at hom e but the people th a t I've m e t here are really, rea lly nice. I've also made a re a l e ffo rt to learn the language, but to be honest m ost of the expats th a t I've m et here speak English, so it's e a sie r ju s t to ta lk in English to th e m . And yeah, I fe e l th a t I've adapted to the c o u n try and I'm enjoying it and I probably w ill stay here fo r a long tim e.
2 d a n i e l W hen I fir s t a rriv e d here
everyone w as re a lly w e lco m in g , even th o u g h I d id n 't speak the language, I d id n 't speak a w o rd. I found th a t hard to get used to, n ot living in an E n g lis h -s p e a k in g country. There w e re lo ts of th in g s I m issed fro m back hom e - food, pubs, m y frie n d s . And a lth o u g h I fe lt accepted and w e lco m ed at the beginning, th e m ore
I le a rn a b o ut the c u ltu re here, the
m ore I fe e l like an outsider. I th in k I'll never be accepted re a lly u n til I can speak the la nguage flu e n tly. Yeah, I'll alw ays fe e l like an o u ts id e r, really. • o
1 l i a m I th in k I do have a good v is u a l
m e m o ry and a good s p a tia l m em o ry. I, I th in k I've a m e m o ry fo r places, fo r th in g s th a t I’ve seen, e rm , as long as I'm paying a tte n tio n . If I'm going back to a place th a t I've been to b efore, w h e n I get th e re , I 'll see s o m e th in g t h a t 'll jog my
m em ory. I t 'll m ake m e re c a ll w h e re
s o m e th in g e lse w a s in th e scene, even if I c o u ld n 't have v is u a lis e d the place before going back th e re . W hen I g et th e re , it a ll comes back to me. 2 j a n e I'm re a lly bad, I, I ca n 't, I ju s t
alw ays leave the house and fo rg e t at least s o m e th in g w h e th e r it's lik e my phone or, e rm , m y bank card o r my keys. It's u s u a lly m y keys. I’ve got a
m en tal block a b o ut keys. I th in k I'm
going to have to s ta rt w ritin g notes and leaving th e m on the fro n t d o o r to
rem ind me to pick th e m up. But yeah,
now I've given, e rm , lo ts of frie n d s w ho live nearby, they a ll have sets of keys now so I tend n ot to get s tu c k o u tsid e in the cold any m ore.
3 o l g a I don’t have a very good m em ory,
e s p e c ia lly fo r n u m b e rs . So, I used to have one p a ssw o rd fo r e ve ryth in g . Quite an easy one as w e ll, and th e n a frie n d to ld m e th a t's not w h a t a passw ord is a b out. So, I g ot d iffe re n t p a ssw o rd s fo r o n lin e b a n kin g, e rm , fo r Facebook, fo r w o r k ... a ll the d iffe re n t ones. And at the tim e I th o u g h t of so m e a s s o c ia tio n s th a t
but th e n I fo rg o t th e m a ll, so I had to use a d iffe re n t strate g y. I had to jo t th e m a ll dow n in an a d d re ss book as
rem in d ers. So, I d o n 't fo rg e t th e m !
A uri As I got o ld e r, m y ... my m em ory
started to fade a bit, but one th in g
I can, I can alw a ys re m e m b e r are n u m b e rs - p e o ple's n u m b e rs , te le p h o n e n u m b e rs but fro m ye a rs ago, and b irth d a y s ... I've no p ro b le m w ith re m e m b e rin g pin n u m b e rs , bank acco u nt n u m b e rs , lo tte ry n u m b e rs , th a t kind of th in g . 5 tina I can re m e m b e r a ll kin d s of
th in g s , b u t I'm re a lly ho p eless w ith p e o ple's na m e s and faces. I know t h e ir faces look fa m ilia r b u t I c a n 't re m e m b e r w h e re I kn o w th e m fro m , th a t s o rt of th in g . I'm OK w ith nam es of th in g s and o b je c ts and place nam es, b u t w h e n I see so m e o n e I fin d it re a lly hard to kn o w w h e re I re m e m b e r th e m fro m . And I g et into a re a l panic, my mind goes blank and I k n o w it's re a lly easy to offend people w h e n you do th a t, so I have to p re te n d to k n o w t h e ir nam e. And s o m e tim e s th e n a m e 's on the tip of
my tongue b ut I ju s t c a n 't re m e m b e r
it. I t ’s ve ry e m b a rra s s in g . • O
andrew I re m e m b e r w hen I was little , w hen I w as young. I p a rtic u la rly re m e m b e r w hen I was about five o r six, th a t kind of period, going to the beach and w e 'd stay in a cottage in the N ew Forest and w e'd pack a ll o u r th in g s up and set o ff fo r the beach and the e xcite m e n t of th a t journey, of the pre p a ra tion , w ith the buckets and the spades and checking everybody was ready and ge tting in the car, b ut the m ost ... the th in g I re a lly re m e m b e r is th a t as we w o u ld drive to w a rd s the coast, the tree s - we w ere staying in a kind of forested area - and as we got to w a rd s the coast, th e tre e s w o u ld th in out and you'd get g lim p se s of the sea as you arrived and w hen we fir s t got the little g lim p se of the w a te r re fle c tin g in the distance w e 'd a ll open the w in d o w s and see if we could s m e ll th a t p a rtic u la r s m e ll of the beach. So, by th e tim e we arrive d at the beach, we w ere at such a high level of excitem ent, w e'd a ll spin o ut and s ta rt digging sandcastles and stuff. But I ju s t re m e m b e r loving th a t, the fir s t g lim p se, the fir s t re fle c tio n of lig h t on th e horizon - th a t the beach w as n earby - and the fir s t s m e ll of the ro ttin g seaweed was ju s t so m e th in g th a t's stayed w ith me forever, really.
j u l i a One of m y e a rlie s t m e m o rie s is the
day th a t we w e n t to w ash m y a unt's w ool. She w as g e ttin g m a rrie d and b eforehand, she had to do th is prep a rin g of th e m a ttre s s e s fo r h e r fu tu re w edding. So, a ll the fa m ily got to g e th e r, w e w e n t down to a s m a ll riv e r nearby w here we live, n e a r the villa g e . And it w as a ll the fa m ily to g e th e r, a ll the cousins, my g ra n d p a re n ts, m y m um , m y s is te rs , m y
b ro th e rs and it w as such good fun to go dow n th e re and have a picnic ... there w e re n 't any ca rs at th e tim e . We w e n t down w ith horses. And looking back now on th is occasion re m in d s m e of how b e a u tifu l th e v illa g e ch ildhood was.
b e n Yes, I guess if I th in k about it, I do have
a very e a rly m e m o ry fro m m y childhood. I w as at school, I th in k I'd ju s t sta rte d p rim a ry school. I m ust have been about fo u r years old. And in m y class, w e ll th e re w e re a lo t of o th e r kids as you can im agine, but the th in g I re m e m b e r w h ich m ade m e fe e l very unhappy at the tim e was th a t I d id n 't have a partner. So th e re w ere 28 o th e r kids, 1A p a rtn e rs, w hatever, and I d id n 't have one and so I had to w o rk and play w ith the teacher. So, it was kind of e m b a rra ssin g , o r I th in k it was kind of sad fo r a fo u r-y e a r- old boy. So one day, I re m e m b e r the te a c h e r said to m e: "Your p a rtn e r has arrive d , th e re 's a new boy w h o 's com e to sch o o l and he's going to be y o u r partner." And I re m e m b e r the excitem ent, the expectation of seeing w ho th is was going to be. I was th in k in g I'm not going to be on m y own any m ore. Anyway, his name w as Noah and he becam e m y p a rtn e r w hen I was fo u r years old and the in cred ib le th in g is th a t n e arly AO years la te r, w e 're s till re a lly close frien d s. Is n 't th a t incred ib le ? So, I guess th a t's you know, a happy m e m o ry of m eeting som eone at the, kind of, very e a rlie s t tim e you could do.
i o
1 a A m I OK w ith h im on m y ow n? b Oh yes, he's u s u a lly fin e w ith
s tra n g e rs , once he's g ot used to you. He does have a te n d e n c y to get a bit excited if he th in k s y o u 're a fra id of h im , m in d . B u t you s h o u ld be OK. J u s t keep ca lm , d o n 't le t h im see y o u 're a fra id . I 'll be back in a b o u t 10 m in u te s anyway, so d o n 't w o rry. 2 a You need to be v e ry c a re fu l on th is
bit. It's lia b le to get re a lly s lip p e ry w h e n it's been ra in in g .
b Oh, se e m s to be OK.
a W e ll, e s p e c ia lly on th e bends. I'd
s lo w dow n a bit.
b I'm o nly doing 70, s h o u ld be a ll rig h t
... S o rry !
a See w h a t I m ean?
3 a Anyw ay look, you need to keep saving th e data, because it te n d s to crash su d d en ly, ju s t fo r no reason. I th in k it's the p ro g ra m , it ’s g ot a bug in it.
b OK, w e ll I 'll ju s t keep p re s s in g 'save'. a Good lu c k . J u s t s h o u t if you've g ot a
p ro b le m . A a Anyone else?
b T hen th e re 's Amy. She's ve ry b rig h t
and te n d s to kn o w a ll th e a n sw e rs. And sh e 's a lw a ys p u ttin g h e r hand up and c a llin g o ut th e a n sw e rs, I th in k it re a lly annoys the o th e rs s o m e tim e s .
a I 'll w a tch o u t fo r th a t, then.
b Yeah, I m ean, d o n 't d isc o u ra g e her,
* D
b e n I'm th e y o u n g e s t of th re e boys. T his
is a s to ry a b o u t w h e n I w as th re e o r fo u r y e a rs old. It's one m y m o th e r s t ill te lls to d ay because I th in k th e w h o le fa m ily w e re so e m b a rra s s e d . I'm the yo u n g e st by m any y e a rs so m y o th e r b ro th e rs tre a te d m e as if I w a s n 't re a lly a b ro th e r. They alw a ys fe lt s u p e rio r to m e. B u t I w as th e yo u n ge st, so everybody loved m e and I co u ld do w h a t I like d s o m e tim e s . One day I was w a tc h in g m y fa th e r ta lk in p u b lic. He did a lo t o f p u b lic sp e a k in g . In fa c t he w as on te le v is io n q u ite a lo t and of cou rse you had to be q u ie t at th is kind of event. My b ro th e rs - Gary and C huck - alw ays m ade su re th a t th e y ke p t th e ir d ista n ce fro m m e because I co u ld be re a lly n a u g h ty and they c o u ld n 't b e a r th a t. So, I w a s in th is ve ry fo rm a l s e ttin g w ith m y m u m and m y b ro th e rs , w a tc h in g m y fa th e r speak. On one occasion, I got lost. N obody could fin d m e. My m o th e r got q u ite w o rrie d and I th in k she w a n te d to in te rr u p t m y fa th e r sp e a k in g , but she c o u ld n 't because it w as a p u b lic event. Then, I a p peared. I w as up on stage w ith m y fa th e r in fu ll v ie w o f th e cam eras, h o ld in g on to m y dad and w aving at everyone, s m ilin g . My b ro th e rs w e re e m b a rra s s e d . They c o u ld n 't look. The press loved it and m y fa th e r, w ho at fir s t w a s re a lly a n gry, a lso th o u g h t it w as fu n n y in th e end. I th in k I c o u ld n 't b ear not to be th e c e n tre of a tte n tio n . I th in k I'm s t ill lik e th a t today, in fact. Once the y o u n ge st, a lw a ys th e youngest.
• m
1 W ould you open the door?
• • •
2 I asked him but he w o u ld n 't say a w ord. 3 W ould you p re fe r to go by bus? 4 She w o u ld ne ve r fo rg e t th a t favour.
• • • •
5 I w o u ld go th e re every y e a r in A u g u st.
• •
6 He said he w o u ld leave e a rly today.
• •
7 She w o u ld say th a t, w o u ld n 't she?
1 The rains have not stopped fo r over 48 hours. V illa g e rs say th a t th e y're the w o rs t in living m em ory. M ost of th e ir houses are flooded and tre a su re d possessions have been lo st beneath the w a te rs. 2 He's s u ffe rin g fro m s h o rt- te rm m e m o ry
loss, b ut th e re ’s n o th in g to w o rry a b out. It's q u ite u n d e rs ta n d a b le a fte r a b lo w to th e head tike th a t. H e 'll be back to n o rm a l soon.
3 a n a So, w h a t w e re you m e a n t to do
today?
w i l l e m Eh? S orry, I'm n ot w ith you.
a n a W ille m , you've got a m e m o ry like a sieve, you rea lly have! Really, I ...
w i l l e m Oh, yes. You're rig h t, the
m o rtg a g e . I alw a ys fo rg e t to do a n y th in g re la te d to paying money. 4 s a l e s m a n And th e re 's th is one. c u s t o m e r W ell, th is is a lo t m ore expensive. s a l e s m a n T h a t's because th is m o d e l has p le n ty of m em o ry. 150 GB. 5 s t u d e n t1 OK, I’m going to te s t you on
u n it 13. Do you w a n t m e to give you a p ro m p t?
s t u d e n t 2 No, I th in k I can do it fro m m em o ry. R ight h e re goes. U n it 13 fo cu se s on fa m ily la w ... 6 o f f i c e r A re you su re th a t's th e m an you s a w at th e scene of th e c rim e ? w i t n e s s I th in k so. o f f i c e r You have to be su re a b o u t th is . "T h in k s o " is no good. w i t n e s s S orry, m e m o ry 's playing tr ic k s a gain. I th in k so, yeah.
♦ C D
1 You m issed the show, th a t's ju s t too bad! 2 Oh, it's ju s t so you - you s h o u ld buy it! 3 H e llo , it's ju s t so nice to be back hom e! 4 A rriv in g on tim e ? I guess th a t's ju s t too
m u c h to expect!
Unit 2
* Q D
n o r m a n Probably w h a t d e fines m e m ost
is th e background w h e re I grew up. I grew up in the so u th -w e s t c o rn e r of G erm any and I sp e n t m ost of m y childhood there, and the language and people around th e re have defined m ost of w h a t I co n sid e r is im p o rta n t to m e at the m om e n t. W hat has a lso had a great in flu e n ce on m e w as m y stay in o th e r c o u n trie s, fo r exam ple, to the United States o r the UK, and w h a t has happened is th a t I have adopted som e of the values and the experiences th a t I had in te ra ctin g w ith o th e r people in these co u n trie s.
o l g a I w o u ld say my fa m ily defines m e a
lot, because I'm looking a fte r tw o s m a ll ch ild re n now and e rm , life is centred a lot on th e m ra th e r th a n on m yself, w h ich is so m e th in g quite d iffe re n t fro m w hen y o u 're young and w hen you're ju s t th in k in g about y o u r own prospects in life. I th in k th a t says a lo t about m y id e n tity at the m om e n t.
l i a m I th in k of m y identity p a rtly in te rm s of
m y frie n d s and people around me. I like to be around people w ho I find fun and en terta in in g and interesting, people who like books and m usic, and ideas, debate, th a t kind of thing. And so I suppose I like to th in k th a t I'm refle cte d in the people th a t I like and the people th a t I get on w ith . Erm , I see m yself, I like to see m yself as, erm , as a tra v e lle r I suppose, as som eone who can adapt to d iffe re n t cu ltu re s. I've lived in France and I've lived in Vietnam , I spend a lot of tim e around Italian people. So I th in k I'm probably la rge ly a product of w h ere I com e from , but I like to th in k th a t I can adapt to o th e r c u ltu ra l situ a tio ns as w e ll.
j a n e W hen I was, e rm , y o u n g e r I really
d id n 't know w ho I w as o r w h a t re a lly de fin ed me, b ut I th in k , I th in k now w h a t d e fines m e is probably my, m y jo b and m y frie n d s . Erm , I need to fe e l p a rt of a close c irc u it of frie n d s and a close set of
frie n d s . I see m y s e lf as a happy person, a fu n -lo v in g person, som ebody w h o loves t h e ir jo b and also loves th e so c ia l aspect of life as w e ll.
• o s
1 says 2 saw 3 k n e w 4 w as 5 'd seen 6 'd decided 7 w as s ittin g 8 cam e 9 c h a tte d 10 ca lle d 11 've been 12 have 13 w o rk 1 4 're having 15 ca m e 16 w o u ld have m et I n n
A a m a n d a So, U ri, w o u ld you like to say a
little a b it a b o ut y o u rs e lf firs t, ju s t to get th e b a ll ro llin g , you know?
u r i W e ll, yes, I've been in te re s te d in
th is fie ld fo r, fo r m an y ye a rs now. So, w hen I saw th is jo b a d ve rtise d , you can im a g in e I w as v e ry in te re s te d in, ve ry in te re s te d by it. The th in g is, I've been o ut of w o rk fo r a w h ile now and I sa w th is as an o p p o rtu n ity , and so, here I am !
a R ight. So, w h y is it th a t y o u 're
in te re s te d in w o rk in g w ith us? B m i c h a e l So, Ms Faber, it's nice to m eet
you at la st!
s a n d y Yeah, yeah, w e ll, a fte r a ll these
m o n th s of e m a ilin g each o th e r, it's kind of nice to see som eone face to face, see w h a t th e y look like. I c o u ld n 't im a g in e w h a t you ...
m Yes, th a t's rig h t, it's alw ays good put a face to a nam e,
s Yes, yeah, y o u 're ... y o u n g e r th a n I im a g in e d you w o u ld be.
m R eally? W ell, it's tim e fo r you to m e e t th e o th e rs now. C om e th is way, please. The s e m in a r be g in s in a few m in u te s .
C a m a n d a M rs Santos, it's re a lly nice to
have you back here w ith us.
c a r m e l o T h a n k s a lo t. It's g re a t to be
back. And you are?
a A m a n d a Woods.
c Oh yes, I re m e m b e r. So I su p p ose the o t h e r ... ca n d id a te s are here. S hould I go th ro u g h ?
a E rm yes, w e 're keen to get s ta rte d as you can im a g in e . E rm , is th e re a n yth in g e lse you need?
b You know , I fo rg o t m y pen. The ne rve s ...
a Of co u rse , no p ro b le m . F o llo w m e.
• ■ m i
A I th o u g h t th e y had re a l t a le n t - e s p e c ia lly th e guy on th e keyboard, he w a s a m azing.
B I th in k she has tre m e n d o u s le a d e rs h ip s k ills - sh e 's e xa ctly th e le a d e r th a t Europe needs.
C You've g ot p le n ty of n a tu ra l a b ility , but you also need to p ra ctic e , o r you w o n 't g et a n yw here.
D They la c k basic s k ills in re a d in g and w ritin g . T ha t's th e m ain p ro b le m w e ’re try in g to a d d re ss here.
E It's ve ry c o m p e titiv e , th e re 's so m uch new , young ta le n t, and d e sig n s go out
of fa sh io n so q u ic k ly , it's v e ry d iffic u lt to stay ahead of th e gam e.
F We need so m e o n e w ith proven c o m p u te r and te c h n ic a l s k ills . A ca d e m ic a b ility is n 't so im p o rta n t. *
a They spend th e s u m m e r in th e Cote
d 'A zur, in th e s o u th of France. They've got a m assive v illa .
b A v illa ? H ow w o n d e rfu l.
a Yes. W ell, not re a lly a v illa , m ore of an a p a rtm e n t, re a lly , b u t w ith its own priv a te beach.
b A m azing.
a W ell, w h e n I say private, it's kind of private, I m ean, not lite ra lly private, but it is p re tty e m p ty m ost of th e tim e . T hat's to say, not a ll th e tim e , it is busy at w eekends, and in the s u m m e r of course.
b B u t s till, an a p a rtm e n t rig h t by th e sea.
T h a t's w o n d e rfu l.
a W ell, to be h o nest, it's not s tr ic tly sp e a kin g by th e sea, b u t it's n ot fa r fro m th e sea - a b o u t 10 m in u te s ' w a lk , o r w e ll, 15 m in u te s , I sh o u ld say, o r