ANALISIS DE LAS TABLAS DE FRECUENCIA DEL GRUPO EXPERIMENTAL

The rejection of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy by the Roman Catholic Church under the leadership of Pope Pius VI further isolated the Church in France.

The struggle for supremacy between the Church and the State instigated stiffer measures from the National Assembly in its efforts to free the State from the Church. This resolve manifested during the Reign of Terror, when extreme measures were taken to free the state from the stranglehold of the Church. Efforts taken to de-Christianize France include:

a. The imprisonment and massacre of Priests.

b. Destruction of Churches and religious images throughout France.

c. Effort to replace the Catholic Church altogether, with civic festivals replacing religious one.

d. Establishment of the cult of Reason, which was the final step of radical de-Christianization.

It must, however, be emphasized that efforts to de-Christianize France led to a widespread disillusionment with the Revolution and counter-rebellions across the country. The locals often resisted de-Christianization efforts by attacking Revolutionary agents and hiding members of the Clergy who were being hunted.

The resistance of the locals to efforts to de-Christianize France by the Revolution resulted in the Concordat of 1801 between Napoleon and the Church, which ended the de-Christianization period and established the rules for a relationship between the Catholic Church and the French State that lasted until it was abrogated by the Third Republic via the separation of Church and State on December 11, 1905. The persecution of the Church that was witnessed under Napoleon led to a counter Revolution known as the Revolt in the Vendee. The suppression of this revolt is considered by some to be the first modern genocide.

Self Assessment Exercise 3.4: how successful was the de-Christianization agenda of French secular authority after the Revolution of 1879?

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4.0 Conclusion

Overall, the French Revolution left some landmarks on the sand of history in France, Europe, and in the international system as a whole. The French Revolution, in addition to having implications for France and Europe as a whole also had big implications for the Roman Catholic Church, especially in its power relations with European States. The Revolution resulted in a massive shifting of powers from the Roman Catholic Church to the state.

5.0 Summary

The French Revolution started in 1789 and lasted for almost ten years till 1799. In spite of this short history and local nature of the Revolution, it produced a lasting legacy that went on to have far reaching effects beyond the borders of France itself, and even Europe as continent. The Revolution was overall, a rebellion of the common-men -the peasantry or what was known as the Third Estate- against absolutism regime in France.

Some of the underlying causes of the French Revolution are:

• Economic factors;

• Bankruptcy and financial crisis in France;

• The role of the Enlightenment thinkers;

• Inequality between the common-men and the nobility; and

• The roles and personality of the King Louis XVI.

In summary, the French Revolution produced within the borders of France effects that include:

• Abolition of absolutism government, which led to the overthrow of the Monarchy;

• Abolition of Feudalism in France;

• Abolition of special rights and privileges for the Clergy and Nobility (First and Second Estates);

• Abolition of the authority of the Church to collect tithe;

• Liberation of the state from the stranglehold of the Church; and

• Enthronement of a Constitutional Republic.

The execution of the Revolution which was in phases also took certain course that could be regarded as its modus operandi. Among the processes that were involved in the execution of the Revolution were:

• Convocation of the Estates-General in May 1789;

• Proclamation of the National Assembly (1789); and

• Emergence of the Legislative Assembly.

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In addition to the implications for the State as a whole, the Revolution also had certain grave implications for the Roman Catholic Church in France and Europe as a whole. The privileged position of the Church, the First Estate in the pre- Revolution France made it an object of resentment with the people. Before the Revolution the Church enjoyed certain special privileges such as:

• The Church was the largest single land-owner in the country, owning about 10 percent of the land in the Kingdom.

• The Church was exempted from paying taxes to the government.

• The Church was empowered with the authority to levy a tithe -a 10 percent tax on income, often collected in the form of crops- on the general population, which it then redistributed to the poor.

As a result of these, the Church was deeply resented by the common men, who were made to bear the burden of the economic hardship in the country. The Revolution, however, saw to the end of the privileges enjoyed by the privileged class, as it produced the following effects amongst others:

e. The imprisonment and massacre of Priests.

f. Destruction of Churches and religious images throughout France.

g. Effort to replace the Catholic Church altogether, with civic festivals replacing religious one.

h. Establishment of the cult of Reason, which was the final step of radical de-Christianization.

In addition to the local implications for France and the Church, the Revolution also produced certain continental effects that include:

• serving as the root of the Russian and other latter Revolutions in Europe;

• the basis for the Maoist Revolution in China;

• the Napoleonic Wars that resulted from the Revolution also marked the emergence of total war in global politics, thereby setting the pace for the two World Wars; and

• the idea of freedom, equality, and fraternity enshrined in the Revolution served as the basis for abolition of slavery and decolonization in Africa and other French colonies.

6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment

1. Critically evaluate the global impacts of the French Revolution.

2. Examine and extensively discuss some of the factors responsible for the general resentment of the Church and the Nobility in pre- Revolution France.

3. Did the French women play any significant role in the Revolution of 1789?

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4. Of what relevance is the French Revolution to modern European history and the history of the international system?

5. Identify and critically discuss two major enactments that hampered the power of the Church during the Revolution.

6. Discuss exhaustively the causation of the French Revolution.

7. Highlight and critique the various interpretations that scholars have given to the factors that stoked the French Revolution.

7.0 References/Further Readings

Alistair Cole and Peter Campbell (1989). French electoral systems and elections since 1789. New York: Gower.

Allan Wildman (1980). The End of the Russian Imperial Army, vol. 1 (Princeton):

76–80

Christopher Hibbert (1980). The Days of the French Revolution. New York:

Quill, William Morrow.

Emmet Kennedy (1989). A Cultural History of the French Revolution. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Encyclopædia Britannica. "history of Europe:: The Middle Ages – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Available at www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2011-03-1

George F. Rude and Harvey J. Kaye (2000). Revolutionary Europe, 1783-1815.

New York: Harper and Row

Hubertus Jahn (1995). Patriotic Culture in Russia During World War I (Ithaca) Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt (2001). Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the

French Revolution. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.

Joan B. Landes (1988). Women & the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution. Ithaca: Cornell University Press

John McManners (1969). The French Revolution and the Church. New York:

Harper and Row.

Lefebvre, Georges (1971). The French Revolution: From Its Origins to 1793.

Columbia University Press.

Linda Frey and Marsha Frey (2004). The French Revolution. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.

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M. Omolewa (1978). History of Europe, 1789-1919, Ibadan: Aromolaran Publishing Co.Ltd

Michael Burleigh (2005). Early Powers: the Clash of Religion and Politics in Europe, from the French Revolution to the Great War. Paris: Harper Collins

Paul Hanson (2009). Contesting the French Revolution. Blackwell Publishing.

Simon Schama (1989). Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution (New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Simon Schama (2004). Citizens. New York: Penguin

Staas, Christian; Volker Ullrich. "Deutschlands sonderbarer Weg" (in German).

Zeit Geschichte (3/2010): 22–28. Interview with historian August Winkler Sylvia Neely (2008). A Concise History of the French Revolution. Rowman &

Littlefield

Ulivier Bernier (1989). Words of Fire, Deeds of Blood: The Mob, the Monarchy and the French Revolution. Boston, Little: Brown and Company

William Doyle (1989). The Oxford history of the French Revolution (3rd ed.).

Oxford: Oxford University Press.

William Doyle (2001). The French Revolution: A very short introduction. Oxford:

Oxford University Press.

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MODULE 5

GLOBAL AFTERMATHS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 1.0 The Rise of Nationalism and the Nation State in Europe

CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main Content

3.1 The Rise of Nationalism and the Nation State in Europe 3.2 The birth of Nationalism

3.3 Absolute Monarchy to Republicanism 3.4 Nationalism and Liberalism

4.0 Conclusion 5. Summary

6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment 7.0 References/Further Readings

1.0 Introduction

As stated earlier, the French Revolution meant different thing to different people.

Rude and Harvey (2000) note that the traditional approach to understanding or interpreting the Revolution takes the form of different ideological perspectives. In this sense, interpretation of the Revolution pitches different ideological perspectives (Liberal, Conservative, Communist, and Anarchist Scholars) against one another (Rude and Harvey, 2000).

The result is that different people have seen the Revolution in different ways, depending on ideological persuasions. So while some people have seen it as a manifestation of a more prosperous middle class becoming conscious of its social importance (Ibid). Some others (the Conservatives) see it as the product of a few conspiratorial individuals who brainwashed the masses into subverting the old order—a claim rooted in the belief that the Revolutionaries had no legitimate complaints (Ibid). Yet there are those who also see it from the Marxist perspective,

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and thereby emphasized the importance of the peasants and the urban workers in presenting the Revolution as a gigantic class struggle.

In spite of the different perspectives to interpreting or analyzing the French Revolution, there is a general agreement that it had far-reaching implications that exceeded the borders of France; as it set the pace for other developments in the international system. Some latter developments in Europe and the international system that may be linked to the Revolution in France include:

i. the French Revolution served as a prelude to other Revolutions in Europe;

ii. it provided the fertile environment for the rise of nationalism and nation states;

iii. it introduced the international system into the era of total war as witnessed in the first and second world wars; and

iv. The French Revolution served as a fertile ground for the growth of nationalistic Movements in colonized territories in Africa and elsewhere and the eventual decolonization of these territories

This unit reflects on nationalism as a motivating factor for the French Revolution.

Attempts are made to establish a link between the rise of nationalism as exemplified in the French Revolution and the emergence of the nation state in Europe.

2.0 Objective

The primary objective of this chapter is to examine the link between the French Revolution and nationalism on the one hand, and between nationalism and the emergence of the nation state in Europe on the other hand.

3.0 Main Content