NO SE PUEDE SER Y NO SER AL MISMO TIEMPO Introducción.

In addition to the internal crises in major European states, there were also external factors that sparked off the war. Amongst external factors that have been identified in accounting for the cause of the war were:

1. Imperialism that resulted in the development of Rivalries for not just colonies, but colonial trade and trade routes between the emerging economic powers and the incumbent great powers. Some scholars have attributed the start of the war to imperialism.

2. Arms race among the major powers which was a necessary precondition for the outbreak of hostilities".

3. Alliance formation characterized by the formation of a loose web of alliances around the European nations (many of them requiring participants to agree to collective defense if attacked):

• Treaty of London, 1839, about the neutrality of Belgium

• German-Austrian treaty (1879) or Dual Alliance

• Italy joining Germany and Austria in 1882

• Franco-Russian Alliance (1894)

• The "Entente Cordiale" between Britain and France (1904) which left the northern coast of France undefended, and the separate

"entente" between Britain and Russia (1907) forming the Triple Entente

4. The Balkan wars between 1912-1913 that led to increased international tension between Russia and Austria as well as a strengthening of Serbia and a weakening of Turkey and Bulgaria which might otherwise have kept Serbia in check thus disrupting the balance of power in Europe in favor of Russia.

Self Assessment Exercise 3.4: what external factors galvanized the First World War?

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4.0 Conclusion

Prior to the Revolutionary war, after the Thirty Years War, most wars in Europe were smaller wars with limited goals. Given the level of national resources mobilized, the French Revolutionary Wars reintroduced some of the concepts of total war into the international system.

5.0 Summary

This section of the study established a link between the French Revolutionary wars and the emergence of total war in international politics as typified in the two World Wars. The nationalistic nature of these wars also establishes a connection with the French Revolution.

6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment

1. In what ways can you describe the two World Wars as total wars?

2. Show the link between the French Revolutionary wars and the emergence of total warfare in international politics

3. The First World War was sparked off by internal factors within major European states as much as it was motivated by external factors. Outline and briefly discuss the external factors that fuelled the World War I.

4. Identify and discuss the nationalistic motives behind the outbreak of the First World War

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7.0 References/Futher Readings

Barrett, David P; Shyu, Lawrence N (2001). China in the anti-Japanese War, 1937–

1945: politics, culture and society. Volume 1 of Studies in modern Chinese history. New York: Peter Lang.

Bellamy, Christopher (2001). "Cold War". In Holmes, Richard. The Oxford Companion to Military History, (Oxford: Oxford University Press)

Boyd Shafer (2004) "Faces of Nationalism: New Realities and Old Myths".

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Davies, Norman (2008). No Simple Victory: World War II in Europe, 1939–1945.

Penguin Group

Edward Gunn (2006). "The Moral Dilemma of Atomic Warfare", Aegis: The Otterbein College Humanities Journal, Spring 2006,

"French Revolution." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. New York: Columbia University Press, 200104.

Geoffrey Blainey (2004). A very short History of the World. London: Penguin:

Books

George F. Rude and Harvey J. Kaye (2000). Revolutionary Europe, 1783-1815.

New York: Harper and Row

George V. Taylor (2006). "French Revolution." Encyclopedia Americana.

Grolier Online. 26 Oct. 2006

Gerard Delanty and Krishan Kumar (eds.) (2006). The Sage Handbook of Nations and Nationalism. London: Sage Publications

Gregory Jusdanis (2001). The Necessary Nation. Princeton: Princeton University Press

John Breuilly (1994). Nationalism and the State. Chicago: Chicaco University Press

Kantowicz, Edward R (1999). The rage of nations. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Kantowicz, Edward R (2000). Coming Apart, Coming Together. Wm. B. Eerdmans

Publishing.

Leffler, Melvyn P.; Painter, David S (1994). Origins of the Cold War: An International History. Routledge

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Mandelbaum, Michael (1988). The Fate of Nations: The Search for National Security in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

N.S. Pratt (1970). The French Revolution. New York: John Day Company.

Norbert Frei (2002). Adenauer's Germany and the Nazi Past: The Politics of Amnesty and Integration. Translated by Joel Golb, (New York: Columbia University Press)

Phyllis Corzine (1995). The French Revolution. San Diego: Lucent Books.

Preston, Peter (1998). 'Pacific Asia in the global system: an introduction, Wiley-Blackwell. Oxford: Blackwell

Record, Jeffery (2005). Appeasement Reconsidered: Investigating the Mythology of the 1930s. DIANE Publishing

Robin Siddle (2006) " Revolutions." Riverside Secondary School. Windsor.

Rogers Brubaker (1996). Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press S.Z. Leviova (1972). Revolutions of 1848 in the German state. New York:

International Publishers.

Schaffter, Stewart Trueman and Hunter (1969). Modern Perspectives. Canada:

Mcgraw Hill Ryerson Limited.

Shaw, Anthony (2000). World War II Day by Day. MBI Publishing Company.

Smith, Winston; Steadman, Ralph (2004). All Riot on the Western Front, Volume 3.

Last Gasp

Sommerville, Donald (2008). The Complete Illustrated History of World War Two: An Authoritative Account of the Deadliest Conflict in Human History with Analysis of Decisive Encounters and Landmark Engagements. Lorenz Books

Thomas Kaiser. "French Revolution." Msn Encarta. 2006. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006. 20 October 2006. .

Thomas Pakenham (1991). The Scramble for Africa: 1876-1912. New York:

Random House

Trachtenberg, Marc (1999). A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945–1963. Princeton University Press

Wettig, Gerhard (2008). Stalin and the Cold War in Europe. Rowman & Littlefield

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UNIT 3 The Interwar Years and the Build up to World War Two