2.3. Defensas y tipos de antioxidantes
2.3.1 Antioxidantes enzimáticos
Editorial Material. Retrieved from <Go to ISI>://WOS:000253095500007
No abstract.
Notes: The author discusses the choice of play in studying the role of ontogeny as it relates to evolutionary theory. Specifically, he argues that play is an arena that allows for a relatively low-cost mode of genberating developmental diversity of behaviours which then provides alternatives for natural selection to work upon. Relates to evolutionary psychology and personhood.
264.
Pellegrini, A. D. (2009). Research and policy on children's play. Child
Development Perspectives, 3(2), 131-136. Article. Retrieved from <Go to
ISI>://WOS:000270262800012
Abstract: The role of play in human development is a source of controversy. Some view it as indispensable to children's healthy development and education, whereas others marginalize it as a topic unworthy of study and of questionable functional significance. This article suggests that differences in how researchers define play and conceptualize function have led to this disagreement. It also makes educational policy and research recommendations about the role of play in children's lives.
Notes: Considers the role of play in development, including social development. Relates to personhood.
265.
Pellegrini, A. D. & Bjorklund, D. F. (2004). The ontogeny and phylogeny
of children’s object and fantasy play. Human Nature, 15(1), 23-43.
Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12110-004-1002-z.
doi:10.1007/s12110-004-1002-z
Abstract: We examine the ontogeny and phylogeny of object and fantasy play from a functional perspective. Each form of play is described from an evolutionary perspective in terms of its place in the total time and energy budgets of human and nonhuman juveniles. As part of discussion of functions of play, we examine sex differences, particularly as they relate to life in the environment of evolutionary adaptedness and economic activities of human and nonhuman primates. Object play may relate to foraging activities. Although fantasy play has been viewed as limited to humans, we speculate that certain types of fantasy play may be present in some nonhuman primates. Fantasy play may enable juveniles to see situations from different perspectives. We conclude that fantasy play may have immediate effects and object play may have deferred effects.
Notes: Considers the role of play in both development (ontogeny) and evolution (phylogeny) and argues that different forms of play have provided different evotionary functions. In particular, object play involves practicing of skills that are beneficial in their later, adult functions, while fantasy play has immediate advantages in changing perspectives on current situations. Relates to personhood and evolutionary psychology.
266.
Pellegrini, A. D. , Dupuis, D. & Smith, P. K. (2007). Play in evolution
and development. Developmental Review, 27(2), 261-276. Retrieved
from
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273229706000633.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2006.09.001
Abstract: In this paper we examine the role of play in human ontogeny and phylogeny, following Surplus Resource Theory. We consider how juveniles use play to sample their environment in order to develop adaptive behaviors. We speculate about how innovative behaviors developed in play in response to environmental novelty may influence subsequent evolutionary processes. Play during this period of immaturity is especially important in the processes of development and evolution, because in play new strategies and behaviors can be developed with minimal costs and these strategies, in turn, can influence evolutionary processes. We posit that play influences these processes by supporting the development of new strategies in novel environments during the juvenile period.
Notes: Argues that play provides a low-cost arena for the development of novel behaviours that then affect evolutionary processes. Relates to evolutionary psychology and personhood.
267.
Pellegrini, A. D. , & Smith, P. K. (1998). Physical activity play: The nature
and function of a neglected aspect of play. Child Development, 69(3),
577-598. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-
8624.1998.tb06226.x. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06226.x
Abstract: In this review, we consider the nature and possible developmental functions of physical activity play, defined as a playful context combined with a dimension of physical vigor. We distinguish 3 kinds of physical activity play, with consecutive age peaks: rhythmic stereotypies peaking in infancy, exercise play peaking during the preschool years, and rough- and-tumble play peaking in middle childhood. Gender differences (greater prevalence in males) characterize the latter 2 forms. Function is considered in terms of beneficial
immediate and deferred consequences in physical, cognitive, and social domains. Whereas most theories assume that children's play has deferred benefits, we suggest that forms of physical activity play serve primarily immediate developmental functions. Rhythmic stereotypies in infancy are hypothesized to improve control of specific motor patterns. Exercise play is hypothesized to function primarily for strength and endurance training; less clear evidence exists for possible benefits for fat reduction and thermoregulation. In addition, there may be cognitive benefits of exercise play that we hypothesize to be largely incidental to its playful or physical nature. Rough-and-tumble play has a distinctive social component; we hypothesize that it serves primarily dominance functions; evidence for benefits to fighting skills or to emotional coding are more equivocal. Further research is indicated, given the potentially important implications for children's education, health, and development.
Notes: An outline of the role of three different forms of physical play in producing developmental benefits (both delayed and immediate). They emphasise that ‘rough and tumble’ play provides important social development opportunities in relation to dominance. Relates to personhood development.