ASPECTOS CLÍNICOS Y TERAPÉUTICOS DEL PACIENTE EN CUIDADOS PALIATIVOS

Rural development means nothing but transformation of subsistence agricultural production to the market oriented agricultural economy. Availability and access to financial resources is one of the key elements to this transformation and is an important factor in economic development. To achieve higher growth in agricultural sector and its being an engine of growth, credit should be made available and easily accessible to the smallholder farmers taking as a challenge. The result of the study has very important points which need to implement by the farmer, cooperatives and NGOS moreover as the rural credit programs are an integral component of government policy in Ethiopia. This work suggests also government policies should target community oriented institutions such as cooperatives and informal and semi-formal credit institutions, since the specialized banks were unable to meet the demand of smallholders. There for the following recommendations are given based on the findings of the study.

 The level of education was found to be positively and significantly related to the loan repayment performance. Therefore, level of education of the farmers should be enhanced through literacy campaign for adults and formal education for youngsters. Then government, NGOs and the community should contribute their best effort to support the programmer also. .

 The finding of this study also revealed that, livestock are important farm assets that improve the farmers’ repayment performance. As livestock are sources of income and serve as security against crop failure. It is, therefore, important that more attention be given to the livestock sector at least in the following areas: feed resource improvement and management; genetic resource improvement; control and/or prevention of animal diseases and parasites; and development of marketing facilities for animal and animal products. But this demands concerted efforts and integrated task of the government, cooperatives, NGOs and the farmer him self.

 Number of years of experience in utilization of credit from formal institution is a factor, which was positively related to the loan repayment . This might be because of the fact that those farmers that have utilized loan for longer period of time developed skills and experience how to use the loan wisely for productive purpose and income generating activities .This ultimately improves the loan repayment performance of farmers. In addition, those farmers that are regular customers of formal credit institution have a better knowledge in the rules and regulation of financial credit institutions and more aware of the consequence of loan default on the availability of credit for the next year and are likely to make conscious decision to repay loan timely. This may indicate that the need to mobilize more poor farmers to become customers of formal financial institutions. This is possible by strengthen the financial and managerial capacity of these institutions in order to provide service as it required. Moreover it is also necessary to encourage farmers to participate in

diversified economic activities and to use different agricultural technologies in order to increase their income.

 Based on the model’s result, income of the household from off-farm and non-farm activities had significant impact on loan repayment of the household and positively related. Since this result enables us to recommend that as land is getting smaller and smaller with higher population increase, then diversification of non-farm and off-farm activities for additional income of the family in rural areas was the best and most chooses in now days. The Micro and Small Enterprise Agency should give attention to the landless young farmers in collaboration with Agricultural and Rural Development Bureau to generate more job opportunities to absorb unemployed labour and enables the farmer to generate additional income. This may mitigate two basic rural problems such as rural unemployment and shortage of cultivable land.

 The other important point is that, concerning length of repayment period for input loan. Members and management bodies of cooperatives have loin share to revise and to take corrective action in their credit policy and distribution mechanism. Then cooperatives should revise and replace the existing time schedule for repayment with time schedule that can meet the right time for marketing and also suitable for them to collect and repay their loan to CBE. However it was true that, there were technical and managerial problems in cooperatives. Therefore Positive government intervention and support is important especially for the newly established cooperatives. Government should work to built technical and managerial skill of the cooperatives. More is also expected from regional and wereda experts of BoARD to provide technical advice for cooperatives in order to revise time schedule for their loan repayment and related problems with this.

 Multi-purpose cooperatives should also provide enough amount of credit with appropriate terms should be given for smallholder farmers. The result of the study showed that, individuals who took large amount of credit had better repayment performance than those who took smaller ones. Therefore, government should create conducive environment to provide timely and adequate agricultural input credit to farming households through cooperatives at a competitive price to enhance agricultural product.

To solve problems related with the amount of credit of individual borrowers such as inappropriate demand and screening problems extension agents should provide technical support to the farmer in screening the demand of credit. Cooperatives should also set uniform minimum standard to size and measure loan demand of the farmer.

 The other important factor raised and suggested by member respondent is increase of fertilizer price from time to time. Based on their suggestion cooperative should play a crucial role in minimizing the price increase in fertilizer by reducing the over head costs of fertilizer and improving marketing efficiency through reducing long marketing channel’s.. As policy implication emphasize should be give for long term strategic solution such as production of chemical fertilizer with in the country, ensuring competitive market system, developing appropriate government policies, subsisting chemical fertilizers with alternative sources and etc.

Implication for future research

Only Kilteawulalo Wereda has been taken into consideration for the study. Loan repayment behavior of members of cooperatives societies in other weredas of the region may be studied,