(applicable in 10-20+ years)
Effective methods to improve understanding of CCS, and responses to CCS, by the public, financial community and institutions, including the wider context of CCS, risks, policy/regulatory/incentive/frameworks and carbon accounting (including bioenergy with CCS and industrial emissions):
` Focus on issues related to initial projects and policy development
` Id3: Techno-economic studies of CCS (3 projects)
` Id243: Carbon Capture and Storage Interactive: CCSI
Maximise economically realistic potential for utilisation of captured CO2 (including EOR):
` Critical evaluation of economics of
utilisation options
` Evaluation of opportunities for EOR
in offshore situations
Strategic development of UK storage resource for UK and European emissions:
` Establish scale and timing of
opportunities and identify hurdles and enablers
System-level modelling to understand the operability of a full CCS system in response to an increased need for fossil fuels to provide security and flexibility in a decarbonised energy system with intermittent renewables:
` Value of ‘dispatchable’ fossil power with CCS in a low-carbon energy system
` System operability and power plant interaction with CO2 grid
` Flexibility and coping with changes in demand
` Decoupling flow rates
` Virtual system simulation and optimisation
` Perform complete safety, operability and life-cycle assessment (LCA) analysis
of individual sections and full CCS chain, including economics
` Id4: Multi-scale whole systems modelling and analysis ` Id5: ETI CCS System Modelling
Toolkit
` Id761: Flexible network development
` Id200: New DECC-proposed IEAGHG project on flexibility
Further optimisation of system-level modelling and cluster development (sources and stores) recognising the different lead- times of the several parts of the CCS chain:
` Capture hubs
` Storage hubs
` Effective approaches to linking
capture hubs and storage hubs
Further development of optimised flexible CCS:
` Coal/CCS
` Gas/CCS
` Biomass/CCS
Improved understanding of the impact and benefits of clustering of sources, optimum location of power plants (gas and coal) and strategic development of UK storage resources:
` Assess possibility of reuse of North Sea and onshore infrastructure
` Investigate UK/European options for clustering CO2 sources and sinks and
developing pipeline networks onshore and offshore
` Scottish Enterprise Storage hub project
` SCCS Multistore ` FP7 SiteChar
Assess the optimum levels of CCS for low-carbon electricity and heat and industrial CO2 abatement:
` Focus on studies to inform policy decisions
` Id201: Scottish Government study on electricity despatch modelling of Scottish electricity system (initiated mid-2013)
Develop CO2 accounting, monitoring and measurement techniques (CO2 and impurities) and influence development of CO2 standards taking account of different sources and applications:
` CO2 measurement and accuracy of measurements (CO2 accounting) through
whole system
` Develop techniques for fiscal metering of CO2 (plus impurities) to +/- 2%
accuracy in gas phase and dense phase
` NEL facilities and projects ` Id58: Project COMET – (Coriolis
Metering Technology in CO2
Transportation for CCS)
Whole Systems and Cr
oss-cutting Issues
Short-term targets
(applicable in 0-10 years)
Recent and current RD&D
Medium-term targets
(applicable in 7-15 years)
Long-term targets
(applicable in 10-20+ years)
Targets
2015: FEED studies for UK Commercialisation Programme projects due to be complete 2013-2016: 2nd phase of UK projects (CfD-enabled) enter engineering phase` Two Commercialisation Programme projects shortlisted ` Three other commercialisation
projects under development
` 2020: Evidence points to CRTF targets being achieved or surpassed
` 2020-2025: Development of onshore CO2 transport network linked to
several capture sites
` 2020-2025: At least one operational example of CO2-EOR
` Through to 2030: Roll-out of at least 12GW in operation ` 2030: Extensive networks of
pipelines linking hubs onshore and offshore with tributaries to smaller CO2 sources
R&D needs
R&D needs to meet short-term objectives
(applicable in 0-10 years)
Recent and current RD&D
R&D needs to meet
medium-term objectives
(applicable in 7-15 years)
R&D needs to meet
long-term objectives
(applicable in 10-20+ years)
Effective methods to improve understanding of CCS, and responses to CCS, by the public, financial community and institutions, including the wider context of CCS, risks, policy/regulatory/incentive/frameworks and carbon accounting (including bioenergy with CCS and industrial emissions):
` Focus on issues related to initial projects and policy development
` Id3: Techno-economic studies of CCS (3 projects)
` Id243: Carbon Capture and Storage Interactive: CCSI
Maximise economically realistic potential for utilisation of captured CO2 (including EOR):
` Critical evaluation of economics of
utilisation options
` Evaluation of opportunities for EOR
in offshore situations
Strategic development of UK storage resource for UK and European emissions:
` Establish scale and timing of
opportunities and identify hurdles and enablers
System-level modelling to understand the operability of a full CCS system in response to an increased need for fossil fuels to provide security and flexibility in a decarbonised energy system with intermittent renewables:
` Value of ‘dispatchable’ fossil power with CCS in a low-carbon energy system
` System operability and power plant interaction with CO2 grid
` Flexibility and coping with changes in demand
` Decoupling flow rates
` Virtual system simulation and optimisation
` Perform complete safety, operability and life-cycle assessment (LCA) analysis
of individual sections and full CCS chain, including economics
` Id4: Multi-scale whole systems modelling and analysis ` Id5: ETI CCS System Modelling
Toolkit
` Id761: Flexible network development
` Id200: New DECC-proposed IEAGHG project on flexibility
Further optimisation of system-level modelling and cluster development (sources and stores) recognising the different lead- times of the several parts of the CCS chain:
` Capture hubs
` Storage hubs
` Effective approaches to linking
capture hubs and storage hubs
Further development of optimised flexible CCS:
` Coal/CCS
` Gas/CCS
` Biomass/CCS
Improved understanding of the impact and benefits of clustering of sources, optimum location of power plants (gas and coal) and strategic development of UK storage resources:
` Assess possibility of reuse of North Sea and onshore infrastructure
` Investigate UK/European options for clustering CO2 sources and sinks and
developing pipeline networks onshore and offshore
` Scottish Enterprise Storage hub project
` SCCS Multistore ` FP7 SiteChar
Assess the optimum levels of CCS for low-carbon electricity and heat and industrial CO2 abatement:
` Focus on studies to inform policy decisions
` Id201: Scottish Government study on electricity despatch modelling of Scottish electricity system (initiated mid-2013)
Develop CO2 accounting, monitoring and measurement techniques (CO2 and impurities) and influence development of CO2 standards taking account of different sources and applications:
` CO2 measurement and accuracy of measurements (CO2 accounting) through
whole system
` Develop techniques for fiscal metering of CO2 (plus impurities) to +/- 2%
accuracy in gas phase and dense phase
` NEL facilities and projects ` Id58: Project COMET – (Coriolis
Metering Technology in CO2
Short-term targets
(applicable in 0-10 years)
Recent and current RD&D
Medium-term targets
(applicable in 7-15 years)
Long-term targets
(applicable in 10-20+ years)
Targets/
milestones
`` 2014: Boundary Dam PCC coal operational - Canada2017: CCS Commercialisation Programme projects (full-scale PCC and oxy-fuel) online` 2018 onwards: Prove technologies at large power plant scale, identify how to reduce capital costs and improve plant flexibility
` 2020: Other UK projects driven by CfD and additional commercial drivers ` ‘First-of-a-kind’ (FOAK) demonstrations will include existing plant/retrofits as
well as new plant
` 2020: Demonstration on range of fossil fuels (coal, gas)
` 2018-2020: Warranties offered on proven technologies for large-scale new-build and retrofit applications ` 2023: Up to 5GW of CCS plants in
operation driven by CfDs, CO2 price
or regulation
` 2023: Demonstrate integrated ‘Next Generation’ technologies and develop options for stand-alone ‘Future Generation’ technologies ` 2023: UK examples of post- and pre-
combustion and oxy-fuel options commercial
` 2023: UK storage proven, UK infrastructure being installed ` 2023: Energy penalties reduced to
8%points for PCC & oxy-fuel for coal, 5-6%points for pre- combustion, 7%points for gas ` 2023: Demonstration on range of
fuels including biomass (co-firing/ dedicated)
` (2020): 700°C coal power plant operational (efficiency >50% before CCS, >45% with CCS) designed for CCS, with some utilisation of waste heat
` 2025: Commercially available systems with >85% capture rate for all fuel types
` 2030: All capture systems, all coals, all firing configurations efficiency 45%+ LHV including CO2 capture,
suitable for flexible generation ` ~2025: Commercial pulverised fuel
‘Ultra Supercritical’ (USC) boilers and turbines (>700/720°C and >35MPa) – mainly materials issues
R&D needs
R&D needs to meet short-term objectives
(applicable in 0-10 years)
Recent and current RD&D
R&D needs to meet
medium-term objectives
(applicable in 7-15 years)
R&D needs to meet
long-term objectives
(applicable in 10-20+ years)
Learn from pilot-scale, demonstration and FOAK commercial projects (UK and abroad), improving confidence in long-term effects - degradation, corrosion, emissions:
` Learning from FOAK demonstrations (fixing, refining ‘nth-of-a-kind’ (NOAK)
designs)
` Improve understanding of environmental impacts of ‘Current Generation’
capture technologies
` Refine requirements for retrofitting capture technologies at existing power,
industry and biofuel plants (eg space constraints and layout issues)
` Develop guidelines for cost estimation and reduction
` Independent technology assessment, including LCA and health and safety
(H&S) implications, of the different proposed ‘Next’ and ‘Future Generation’ capture technologies
` R&D activities from ‘Competition’ entries
Pilot projects:
` Id28: Ferrybridge CC100+ Pilot ` Id202: OCTAVIUS
` HiPerCap – high performance PCC (TNO/SINTEF/NTNU/CSIRO)
` Natural gas projects: Id21 GASFACTS and Id19
` Biomass projects: Id 30, 31, 34, and 42
Develop and demonstrate at appropriate pilot-scale ‘Next Generation’ capture agents and processes both for new plant and for retrofit to earlier plants (including novel low-temperature solid absorbents and new oxy-fuel exhaust/flue gas recirculation (EGR/FGR) and optimised gas turbines):
` RD&D into ‘Next Generation’
capture agents and processes (e.g. membranes, carbonate looping cycle (CLC), biomass)
` Provide validation of demonstration
(‘Current Generation’) capture technologies
Develop commercially available systems to meet CRTF targets and CO2 purity standards for all fuel types
Develop novel cycles or capture systems with energy penalty significantly below 10%points for coal and 8%points for gas:
` Optimisation and refinement of
flexible ‘Next Generation’ capture technologies
` RD&D ‘Future Generation’
technologies ` Capture/mineralisation for aggregates Table 4.2a
CO
2
captur
e - (a) general/overview
Short-term targets
(applicable in 0-10 years)
Recent and current RD&D
Medium-term targets
(applicable in 7-15 years)
Long-term targets
(applicable in 10-20+ years)
Targets/
milestones
`` 2014: Boundary Dam PCC coal operational - Canada2017: CCS Commercialisation Programme projects (full-scale PCC and oxy-fuel) online` 2018 onwards: Prove technologies at large power plant scale, identify how to reduce capital costs and improve plant flexibility
` 2020: Other UK projects driven by CfD and additional commercial drivers ` ‘First-of-a-kind’ (FOAK) demonstrations will include existing plant/retrofits as
well as new plant
` 2020: Demonstration on range of fossil fuels (coal, gas)
` 2018-2020: Warranties offered on proven technologies for large-scale new-build and retrofit applications ` 2023: Up to 5GW of CCS plants in
operation driven by CfDs, CO2 price
or regulation
` 2023: Demonstrate integrated ‘Next Generation’ technologies and develop options for stand-alone ‘Future Generation’ technologies ` 2023: UK examples of post- and pre-
combustion and oxy-fuel options commercial
` 2023: UK storage proven, UK infrastructure being installed ` 2023: Energy penalties reduced to
8%points for PCC & oxy-fuel for coal, 5-6%points for pre- combustion, 7%points for gas ` 2023: Demonstration on range of
fuels including biomass (co-firing/ dedicated)
` (2020): 700°C coal power plant operational (efficiency >50% before CCS, >45% with CCS) designed for CCS, with some utilisation of waste heat
` 2025: Commercially available systems with >85% capture rate for all fuel types
` 2030: All capture systems, all coals, all firing configurations efficiency 45%+ LHV including CO2 capture,
suitable for flexible generation ` ~2025: Commercial pulverised fuel
‘Ultra Supercritical’ (USC) boilers and turbines (>700/720°C and >35MPa) – mainly materials issues
R&D needs
R&D needs to meet short-term objectives
(applicable in 0-10 years)
Recent and current RD&D
R&D needs to meet
medium-term objectives
(applicable in 7-15 years)
R&D needs to meet
long-term objectives
(applicable in 10-20+ years)
Learn from pilot-scale, demonstration and FOAK commercial projects (UK and abroad), improving confidence in long-term effects - degradation, corrosion, emissions:
` Learning from FOAK demonstrations (fixing, refining ‘nth-of-a-kind’ (NOAK)
designs)
` Improve understanding of environmental impacts of ‘Current Generation’
capture technologies
` Refine requirements for retrofitting capture technologies at existing power,
industry and biofuel plants (eg space constraints and layout issues)
` Develop guidelines for cost estimation and reduction
` Independent technology assessment, including LCA and health and safety
(H&S) implications, of the different proposed ‘Next’ and ‘Future Generation’ capture technologies
` R&D activities from ‘Competition’ entries
Pilot projects:
` Id28: Ferrybridge CC100+ Pilot ` Id202: OCTAVIUS
` HiPerCap – high performance PCC (TNO/SINTEF/NTNU/CSIRO)
` Natural gas projects: Id21 GASFACTS and Id19
` Biomass projects: Id 30, 31, 34, and 42
Develop and demonstrate at appropriate pilot-scale ‘Next Generation’ capture agents and processes both for new plant and for retrofit to earlier plants (including novel low-temperature solid absorbents and new oxy-fuel exhaust/flue gas recirculation (EGR/FGR) and optimised gas turbines):
` RD&D into ‘Next Generation’
capture agents and processes (e.g. membranes, carbonate looping cycle (CLC), biomass)
` Provide validation of demonstration
(‘Current Generation’) capture technologies
Develop commercially available systems to meet CRTF targets and CO2 purity standards for all fuel types
Develop novel cycles or capture systems with energy penalty significantly below 10%points for coal and 8%points for gas:
` Optimisation and refinement of
flexible ‘Next Generation’ capture technologies
` RD&D ‘Future Generation’
technologies
` Capture/mineralisation for
Short-term targets
(applicable in 0-10 years)
Recent and current RD&D
Medium-term targets
(applicable in 7-15 years)
Long-term targets
(applicable in 10-20+ years)
Targets/
milestones
` 2014-2020: Learn from pilot-scale, demonstration and FOAK commercial projects (UK and abroad), improving confidence in long-term effects - degradation, corrosion, emissions` 2011: Ferrybridge slip-stream 5MWe project online (PC)
` 2013: PACT 0.3MWth pilot online (gas)
` 2014: Boundary Dam (Canada) operational
` 2017-2018: Peterhead Commercialisation Programme project operating ` 2017-2020: Demonstration of state-of-the-art gas-fired with PCC operational ` 2016-2018: Prove large-scale operation, prove sustainable solvent rates,
manage corrosion issues, demonstrate availability >85%, demonstrate flexibility
` 2020: Refine economic plant performance in real market conditions ` 2020: Refine NOAK designs to reduce operational expenditure costs,
particularly energy penalty of capture to <8%points (gas) and <10%points (coal)
` Peterhead Commercialisation Programme project FEED study proceeding
` ~2020+ PC-USC plants at ~25MPa and 700/720°C commercially available
` 2020: Large-scale plants with availability and capture rates >85%, reduced CAPEX and OPEX
` 2020-2025: Improved boiler/turbine efficiencies to compensate for energy penalty of capture ` 2025: Widespread availability of
commercial plants (new and retrofit) with warranties for all coal types and CCGTs, high efficiency PF-USC boilers at ~35 MPa and 700/720°C commercially available ` 2030: Prove innovative capture
options
R&D needs
R&D needs to meet short-term objectives
(applicable in 0-10 years)
Recent and current RD&D
R&D needs to meet
medium-term objectives
(applicable in 7-15 years)
R&D needs to meet
long-term objectives
(applicable in 10-20+ years)
Identify requirements for retrofitting/capture-readiness/future-proofing:
` Develop techniques to optimise (thermal) plant integration
` Increase steam cycle efficiency
` Investigate benefits of exhaust (flue) gas recirculation (EGR/FGR) on CCGTs
` Improve full-plant dynamic operation
` See Post-combustion capture projects: Id 12-34, 100-103 and 202-209
` Refine techniques for more flexible
operation (ie load-following, ‘two- shifting’ and managing transients)
` R&D on improvements to ‘Current
Generation’ capture options and ‘Next Generation’ capture technologies (membranes for air separation, advanced compression, pressure/temperature/electrical swing adsorptions, CLC, etc
` Continue to improve existing
technologies
` Large-scale tests/demonstration of
‘Next Generation’ capture options
` R&D on ‘Future Generation’ capture
options (ionic liquids, solid sorbents, precipitating systems, metal organic frameworks, gas hydrate
crystallisation, advanced membranes, etc)
Solvent, process and equipment improvements for cost reduction:
` Develop solvents that regenerate at lower temperatures and/or higher
pressures and/or have better kinetics and/or lower corrosion tendencies, and are resistant to impurities in the flue gas
` improve scrubber performance and turn-down capability
Develop understanding of environmental impact (to air and water):
` Assessment of environmental options for treatment of waste products/
effluents
` Measurement and control of emissions to air
Table 4.2b
CO
2
captur
e - (b) Post-combustion Captur
e
Short-term targets
(applicable in 0-10 years)
Recent and current RD&D
Medium-term targets
(applicable in 7-15 years)
Long-term targets
(applicable in 10-20+ years)
Targets/
milestones
` 2014-2020: Learn from pilot-scale, demonstration and FOAK commercial projects (UK and abroad), improving confidence in long-term effects - degradation, corrosion, emissions` 2011: Ferrybridge slip-stream 5MWe project online (PC)
` 2013: PACT 0.3MWth pilot online (gas)
` 2014: Boundary Dam (Canada) operational
` 2017-2018: Peterhead Commercialisation Programme project operating ` 2017-2020: Demonstration of state-of-the-art gas-fired with PCC operational ` 2016-2018: Prove large-scale operation, prove sustainable solvent rates,
manage corrosion issues, demonstrate availability >85%, demonstrate flexibility
` 2020: Refine economic plant performance in real market conditions ` 2020: Refine NOAK designs to reduce operational expenditure costs,
particularly energy penalty of capture to <8%points (gas) and <10%points (coal)
` Peterhead Commercialisation Programme project FEED study proceeding
` ~2020+ PC-USC plants at ~25MPa and 700/720°C commercially available
` 2020: Large-scale plants with availability and capture rates >85%, reduced CAPEX and OPEX
` 2020-2025: Improved boiler/turbine efficiencies to compensate for energy penalty of capture ` 2025: Widespread availability of
commercial plants (new and retrofit) with warranties for all coal types and CCGTs, high efficiency PF-USC boilers at ~35 MPa and 700/720°C commercially available ` 2030: Prove innovative capture
options
R&D needs
R&D needs to meet short-term objectives
(applicable in 0-10 years)
Recent and current RD&D
R&D needs to meet
medium-term objectives
(applicable in 7-15 years)
R&D needs to meet
long-term objectives
(applicable in 10-20+ years)
Identify requirements for retrofitting/capture-readiness/future-proofing:
` Develop techniques to optimise (thermal) plant integration
` Increase steam cycle efficiency
` Investigate benefits of exhaust (flue) gas recirculation (EGR/FGR) on CCGTs
` Improve full-plant dynamic operation
` See Post-combustion capture projects: Id 12-34, 100-103 and 202-209
` Refine techniques for more flexible
operation (ie load-following, ‘two- shifting’ and managing transients)
` R&D on improvements to ‘Current
Generation’ capture options and ‘Next Generation’ capture technologies (membranes for air separation, advanced compression, pressure/temperature/electrical swing adsorptions, CLC, etc
` Continue to improve existing
technologies
` Large-scale tests/demonstration of
‘Next Generation’ capture options
` R&D on ‘Future Generation’ capture
options (ionic liquids, solid sorbents, precipitating systems, metal organic frameworks, gas hydrate
crystallisation, advanced membranes, etc)
Solvent, process and equipment improvements for cost reduction:
` Develop solvents that regenerate at lower temperatures and/or higher
pressures and/or have better kinetics and/or lower corrosion tendencies, and are resistant to impurities in the flue gas
` improve scrubber performance and turn-down capability
Develop understanding of environmental impact (to air and water):
` Assessment of environmental options for treatment of waste products/
effluents
Short-term targets
(applicable in 0-10 years)
Recent and current RD&D
Medium-term targets
(applicable in 7-15 years)
Long-term targets
(applicable in 10-20+ years)
Targets/
milestones
` 2014-2020: Learn from pilot-scale, demonstration and FOAK commercial projects (UK and abroad) ` 2018: Commercial- scale IGCC operating – driven by CfD and other economicincentives
` 2016-2020: Greengen, China
` Through to 2020: Demonstrate economic performance in real market conditions
` 2020: Prove H2 combustion with
high-efficiency CCGTs
` Further reduce steam requirement, and reduce energy penalty to 5-6%points
` Demonstrate IGCC with CCS for widespread use with variety of fuels, and high availability >(85%)
` 2030: Deploy gas-separation membranes
R&D needs
R&D needs to meet short-term objectives
(applicable in 0-10 years)
Recent and current RD&D
R&D needs to meet
medium-term objectives
(applicable in 7-15 years)
R&D needs to meet
long-term objectives
(applicable in 10-20+ years)
Learn from pilot-scale, demonstration and FOAK commercial projects (UK and abroad):
` Improve gasifier availability
` Identify and develop cheaper materials and/or unit redesign for cost
reduction
` See Pre-combustion decarbonisation projects: Id 6-11, 98 and 99
` Investigate polygeneration concepts
(including H2 production) using
Fischer Tropsch process
` Large-scale tests/demonstration of
high-efficiency low-NOx gas
turbines, high-temperature gas clean-up, lower-cost materials, novel process catalysts
` Underground coal gasification
(UCG) with capture
` Hydrogen production and storage
as part of an H2 network.
` Develop novel capture options and
identify ‘Future Generation’ options (advanced membranes, cryogenics, emergent technologies)
` Develop novel process options
(sorbent-enhanced WGS, H2
membrane reformers, sorption- enhanced reforming, steam and autothermal CLR)
` Large-scale solid oxide fuel cells –
obviating capture unit
` Large-scale tests/demonstration of
‘Next Generation’ capture options
` Pilot-scale/large-scale tests on
‘Future Generation’ capture and process options
Develop understanding of environmental impact (to air and water):
` Develop novel process options (sorbent-enhanced water-gas-shift (WGS),
H2 membrane reformers, sorption-enhanced reforming, steam and
autothermal chemical looping reforming (CLR))
` Develop high-temperature gas clean-up technologies
Identify requirements for retrofitting/capture-readiness/future-proofing:
` Develop techniques to optimise process integration across entire, highly-
integrated plant
Process and equipment improvements for cost reduction: ` Reduce O2 production costs
` Increase H2 turbine efficiency while reducing NOx emissions