El burnout y la relación con las características demográficas y laborales

A multistage sampling technique was used to select the household.

Stage One

Awka community has eight political wards; Awka 1 to V111. Awka 1V, V, V1, V111 has the Sabo communities while Awka 1, 11, 111, V11 are the non-Sabo communities. Using this

2

2

xlvii

sampling frame, two wards were selected (Awka V, V1) for the Sabo communities while two wards were also selected (Awka 1, 11) for the non-Sabo communities using simple random sampling technique by balloting.

Proportionate Allocation;

Using sampling proportionate to size, the number of households selected from each ward was calculated using the formula below.¹³⁵

nh (number of household in settlement) = Population of selected wards Total population of selected (two)wards

in each community.

x 210

The number of household selected from the wards were;

Awka V= ²¹³⁶⁹₃₆₂₅₉ × 210 = 123.76 = 124 Awka V1= ¹⁴⁸⁹⁰₃₆₂₅₉ × 210 = 86.23 = 86 Awka 1= ²¹⁵⁷³₄₇₉₂₆ × 210 = 94.53 = 95 Awka 11= ²⁶³⁵³₄₇₉₂₆ × 210 = 115.47 = 115

Sabo community Non-Sabo community

Wards Number of Households Wards Number of Households

Awka V 124 Awka 1 95

Awka V1 86 Awka 11 115

Stage Two

xlviii

A list of all the settlements was obtained from both the Sabo and non-Sabo communities. In the Sabo communities a mapping of a random sample of selected settlements gave an average of about 50 eligible households that were well delineated per settlement. In non-Sabo communities a mapping of a random sample of selected settlements gave an average of 50 eligible households that were well delineated per settlement. With this assumptions therefore, the number of settlement required, from each of the selected wards in the Sabo and non-Sabo communities was determined as follows;

Awka V= 124 households gave 3 settlements (given that 50 eligible households per settlement) Awka V1= 86 households gave 2 settlements (given that 50 eligible households per settlement) Awka 1 = 95 households gave 2 settlements (given that 50 eligible households per settlement) Awka 11 = 115 households gave 3 settlements (given that 50 eligible households per settlement)

Sabo community Non-Sabo community

Wards Number of Settlements Wards Number of Settlements

Awka V 3 Awka 1 2

Awka V1 2 Awka 11 3

In Sabo community, Awka V has 7 settlements, Umubelle, Umuenechi, Umuogbu, Umuanaga, Umuike, Umuoruka and Umujagwo. Using this sampling frame, 3 settlements were selected Umubelle, Umuenechi and Umuike. Awka V1 has 6 settlements, Amikwo, Obunagu, Udoka Housing, Iyiagu Estate, Abuja Estate, Ngozika Housing. Using this sampling frame, 2 settlements were selected, Amikwo and Iyiagu Estate, using simple random sampling technique by balloting.

In non-Sabo community Awka 1 has 4 settlements Umuayom, Nkwelle, Umuoramma and Umunoke. Using this sampling frame, 2 settlements were selected Umuayom and Umuoramma.

Awka 11 has 7 settlements Umuzocha, Amudo, Enu-ifite, Agbani-ifite, Government House,

xlix

Ekedum, Unizik. Using this sampling frame, 3 settlements were selected, Umuzocha, Amudo and Government House, using simple random sampling technique by balloting.

Stage Three

The households from each settlement were selected by systematic random sampling technique.

The enumeration list from National Programme of Immunization unit (NPI) of Awka South LGA served as the sampling frame (Appendix 4).

Total number of households (N) per selected ward.

1. Awka V has 3 settlements selected by simple random sampling by balloting. They were Umubelle with 2050 households, Umuenechi with 1800 households and Umuike with 2600 households. The total number of households (N) in Awka V was the sum total of the households in the 3 selected settlements, that is N =2050+1800+2600=6450.

2. Awka V1 has 2 settlements selected by simple random sampling by balloting. They were Amikwo with 1509 households and Iyiagu estate with 1490 households. The total number of households (N) in Awka V1 was the sum total of the households in the 2 selected settlements, that is N=1509+1490=2999.

3. Awka 1 has 2 settlements selected by simple random sampling by balloting. They were Umuayom with 2775 households and Umuoramma with 2623 households. The total number of households (N) in Awka 1 was the sum total of the households in the 2 selected settlements, that is N=2775+2623=5398.

4. Awka 11 has 3 settlements selected by simple random sampling by balloting. They were Umuzocha with 2489 households, Amudo with 1785 households and government house with 2480 households. The total number of households (N) in Awka 11 was the sum total of the households in the 3 selected settlements, that is N=2489+1785+2480=6754.

Sample size (n) for each selected ward was based on proportionate allocation already done in stage one and number of settlements per ward already done in stage two.

1. Awka V has (n) 124 households in 3 settlements of Umubelle, Umuenechi and Umuike.

(appendix 4)

l

2. Awka V1 has (n) 86 households in 2 settlements of Amikwo and Iyiagu estate. (appendix 4)

3. Awka 1 has (n) 95 households in 2 settlements of Umuayom and Umuoramma. (appendix 4)

4. Awka 11 has (n) 115 households in 3 settlements of Amudo, Umuzocha and government house. (appendix 4)

Computing the sample interval size (K), N/n=K

1. Awka V sampling interval size (K), 6450/124=52 2. Awka V1 sampling interval size (K), 2999/86=35 3. Awka 1 sampling interval size (K), 5398/95=57 4. Awka 11 sampling interval size (K), 6754/115=59

A randomly selected integer was between 1 to K in each of the four wards. Every K^th unit was taken in each of the four wards.

Single-Family House

These are bungalows or storied building harboring a single household each.

Multi-Family House

These are apartment blocks with different households. The sampling frame was determined by making a list of the number of households in this apartment blocks. The households for the study were selected by simple random sampling technique. Only one household was selected per mult-family house. If multiple families live together for example only the youngest eligible child of the combined family was included in the survey.

3.7 Data Collection.

li

The data collection methods used in this study were both quantitative (questionnaire) and qualitative (FGD) data collection methods.

3.7.1 Pre-testing of the Data Collection Instrument

Pretesting of the questionnaire was carried out between March and April 2015 in Mopol Base and Fulani settlement of Onitsha V111 for Sabo community while Umunzekwe settlement of Nibo 11 was used for non-Sabo community. This helped to determine;

1. Appropriateness of format and wording of the questionnaire.

2. Time needed to carry out interview.

3. Feasibility of the designed procedure for data collection and analysis.

3.7.2 Quantitative Data Collection Methods

A semi structured interviewer administered questionnaire was used, and data was collected between July and October 2015. The questionnaire for this study was adopted and adapted from that used by Odusanya et al for the determination of vaccination coverage in rural Nigeria.¹³⁶ The questionnaire was used to obtain information on the knowledge, attitude and uptake of immunization by mothers and reasons for poor uptake of immunization. The questionnaire was translated from English to Igbo and Hausa for those who do not understand the English language and independently back translated to English.

This was done with aid of six research assistants (Community Health Extension Workers in the National Programme of Immunization Department of the Awka South Local Government Area) already trained in various immunization programmes including vernacular translation and accurate record keeping.

The variables that were open ended in the questionnaire generated multiple responses from the respondents. For example, variables for assessing knowledge: reasons for immunization card and purpose of immunization was computed by inputting the first four commonest responses for scoring and grading in the data analysis. Also the variable on the knowledge of vaccine preventable diseases (VPD) were scored and graded maximum 6 out of 6 and denoted 6VPD for respondents that mentioned the six vaccine preventable diseases that is poliomyelitis,

lii

tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus and measles and any n^th VPD for respondents that mentioned n^th vaccine preventable disease.

As an operational definition for the purpose of this study, a child was considered to have received full immunization when the child has taken a dose of BCG vaccine, three doses of diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenza B (pentavalent) vaccine, at least three doses of oral polio vaccine (OPV), one dose of measles vaccine and one dose of yellow fever vaccine within one year of life.

The information received on full immunization was obtained either through health cards or from mothers’ verbal reports.⁵ This is because an analysis based on “card” only was of very limited value, and the “card + history” analysis was treated with some caution. This was done by verification of “history” data against local clinic records in the clusters being surveyed.⁵⁶ For the purpose of this study, history was limited only to health record available in the health facilities in Awka LGA.

Six research assistant were further trained for two days on:

1. Objectives of the study.

2. The concept of using a cluster survey for immunization coverage and eligibility criteria.

3. Structure of the data collection tool and purpose of each item included in the tool.

4. Roles and responsibilities of the field team members.

A field practice was carried out with the research assistants and the researcher on:

1. Identification of first household and subsequent households.

2. Identification of target female heads of household.

3. Asking questions 4. Data recording 5. Interview duration.

3.7.3 Qualitative Data Collection methods

The Focus Group Discussion (FGD) guide was conducted on the knowledge, attitude and uptake of immunization by mothers and factors affecting immunization. The themes of the FGD guide

liii

was generated after analysis of the quantitative data to probe further into the data obtained from the questionnaire survey. The focus group guide was translated from English to Igbo and Hausa for those who do not understand the English language and independently back translated to English. It was proof read by senior colleagues and corrections were made.

Focus group discussions were held in two communities, one at the Awka V for the Sabo community and one for Awka 1 for the non-Sabo community. The focus group consisted of 10 participants each who were selected purposively. One group was female Hausa mothers living in Sabo community and the other group was female non-Hausa mothers living in non-Sabo community. The discussion lasted for about one hour on each occasion. Those that took part in the interview were the moderator, the observer, the recorder and the participants. Respondents were counseled in areas were they showed poor knowledge and also referred to the researcher when they had questions concerning other aspects of their health not covered in the study.