Los cambios psicológicos en la pubertad

YR87 essentially ask two questions: (1) what factors influence Non- Industrial Private Forest (NIPF) landowners’ intentions to produce tim- ber or other products from their forests? (2) How might their behaviour be changed to favour producing timber? They use a social psychologi- cal theory, the theory of reasoned action, to predict behaviour. They ob- tained 621 usable responses from NIPF woodland owners in a sample (telephone) survey and analysed the data statistically. They found that, on the whole, landowners’ intentions to produce timber or other forest products were negative. They suggest a number of steps stemming from the application of the theory of reasoned action which can be used to alter landowners’ behaviour and so increase production of timber or

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Clearly, this research is caught up in the same phenomenological dictation of social order as in the reported case of YR87, although contextual ambiguity is more com- fortably engaged with in this thesis. The influence of critical realism is evident in such comfort, notably drawing from the idea that society cannot be identified “inde- pendently of its effects…it can only be known, not shown, to exist” (Bhaskar 1989: 82). Consequently, the process here is necessarily and comfortably incomplete.

other products. This sub-section shows how this rather standard but po- tentially powerful understanding of landowners coheres as knowledge and why it is broadly restrictive.

It is important to note that we are examining here two sets of norma- tive commitments, one internal to the epistemic frame and one that is largely (and initially) external but which influences the choice of epis- temic frame and then becomes involved with it. The first pre-configures what landowners are and confirms how their behaviour might be changed. The second will be shown as it gets into the epistemic, where landowners are then realised as a knowable, essentially deviant, but workable and bureaucratic (e.g., controllable) problem. As will be ex- plained, the re-description of YR87 hypotheses proceeds along the lines of asking: ‘how do landowners get to be defined (i.e., known) as

non-timber harvesters, a class deviant from the norm of timber- harvesters?

Young and Reichenbach (1987) and the textual reality effect

YR87 text is an artefact, notably a kind of managed knowledge artefact known as a journal article. The writing and the reading of the journal article is a particular local accomplishment (in its initial writing and in

every reading) that (in the end) involves the evocation of a reality effect that allows the real-world depicted to be encountered as is by the reader (after Green 1983). The process reflexively orders landowners as totally knowable. The reality effect can be seen in a set of common- sense ideas about the world which readers (can) tacitly understand and engage with (as an outcome of shared cultural context). The effect is partly constituted by the stable, social relations embedded in the institutional structure of society. If the reader and writers successfully make meaning, then the encounter can be considered as an achievement of actually knowing social-life as reality. This establishes a particular social order as complete and compatible with how reality is out there. The reality effect successfully established by readers and writers lies within and beyond any activity labelled as science (Lynch 1993). It is predicated on a number of interlocking capacities, which

Chapter 5: Linking the epistemic and normative in a research rationality

include the recognition of words and sentences or symbols, the idea of linearity (ten Have 1999), and a recognisable telling order and telling event about what constitutes an appropriate knowledge (Morrison 1981). Considering the kind of literary notational system that is a journal article in the forestry milieu, YR87 has a telling order as depicted in Table 5.1.

Direction of text flow

Section of Young and Reichenbach (1987)

Page and (sentence numbers) in YR87

Abstract Not dealt with 1. Introduction 381 (1-17) + 382 (1-28)

2. Research objectives 382 (29-42)

3. Methods 382 (43-51) + 383 (1-52) + 384 (1- 30) + 385 (1-52) + 386 (1-8)

4. Results and discussion 386 (9-35) + 387 (1-38) + 388 (1-33) + 389 (1-52) + 390 (1-19)

5. Conclusion and recommendations 390 (20-39) + 391 (1-52) + 392 (1-8)

Table 5.1: Section ordering found in Young and Reichenbach (1987). Includes page numbers involved for each section + total number of sentence lines on a page.

The order depicted in Table 5.1 is an expected norm in the scientific literature and is part of how authority is established for the reality effect. Further, it is generally assumed that readers of YR87 would come from or be familiar with private forest landowner studies within the forestry milieu and hence would be sensitised to important debates within it. Fi- nally, the text here is read (and re-described) as it would generally be approached if one had the intention of reading it in its entirety, in other words, systematically proceeding from start to finish (although due to space and time considerations this account is necessarily restricted to discussing only a small portion of the total text).

As a telling event, YR87 is a claim event (Morrison 1981). That is, the readers are asked to establish for themselves that a claim is valid, as based on the textual reality effect evoked by the authors. The claim event is evoked by the artefact itself and in this case through a certain style of presentation exemplified by an objectified language in which the

authors disappear and also through the presentation of a particular pro- duction order which includes authority establishment, measurement, replication pattern, observation, explanation-proof and result- conclusion. These are all intensely local productions between the arte- fact and the reader (after Law and Williams 1982; Lynch 1993).