• Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1912).Responsible govern- ment in the dominions. The Clarendon press., major primary source
• Indian Year-book for 1862: A review of social, in- tellectual, and religious progress in India and Ceylon (1863), ed. by John Murdochonline edition 1861 edi- tion
• The Year-book of the Imperial Institute of the United Kingdom, the colonies and India: a statistical record of the resources and trade of the colonial and Indian pos- sessions of the British Empire (2nd. ed. 1893) India, pp. 375–462online edition
• The Imperial Gazetteer of India (26 vol, 1908–31), highly detailed description of all of India in 1901.
online edition
• Statistical abstract relating to British India, from 1895– 96 to 1904–05 (London, 1906)full text online, • The Cyclopedia of India: biographical, historical, ad-
ministrative, commercial (1908)complete text online, business history, biographies, illustrations
Chapter 4
The Jungle Book
For other uses, seeThe Jungle Book (disambiguation).
The Jungle Book (1894) is a collection of stories by English
authorRudyard Kipling. The stories were first published in magazines in 1893–94. The original publications contain illustrations, some by Rudyard's father, John Lockwood Kipling. Kipling was born in India and spent the first six years of his childhood there. After about ten years in Eng- land, he went back to India and worked there for about six- and-a-half years. These stories were written when Kipling lived inVermont.*[1]There is evidence that it was written
for his daughter Josephine, who died in 1899 aged six, after a rare first edition of the book with a poignant handwritten note by the author to his young daughter was discovered at theNational Trust'sWimpole Hallin Cambridgeshire in 2010.*[2]
The tales in the book (and also those inThe Second Jun- gle Bookwhich followed in 1895, and which includes five further stories about Mowgli) are fables, using animals in an anthropomorphic manner to give moral lessons. The verses of The Law of the Jungle, for example, lay down rules for the safety of individuals, families and commu- nities. Kipling put in them nearly everything he knew or “heard or dreamed about the Indian jungle.”*[3] Other
readers have interpreted the work as allegories of the pol- itics and society of the time.*[4]The best-known of them
are the three stories revolving around the adventures of an abandoned “man cub”Mowgliwho is raised by wolves in the Indian jungle. The most famous of the other four sto- ries are probably "Rikki-Tikki-Tavi", the story of a heroic
mongoose, and "Toomai of the Elephants", the tale of a young elephant-handler. As with much of Kipling's work, each of the stories is preceded by a piece of verse, and suc- ceeded by another.
The Jungle Book, because of its moral tone, came to be used as a motivational book by theCub Scouts, a junior element of theScoutingmovement. This use of the book's universe was approved by Kipling after a direct petition ofRobert Baden-Powell, founder of the Scouting movement, who had
originally asked for the author's permission for the use of theMemory GamefromKimin his scheme to develop the morale and fitness of working-class youths in cities. Akela, the head wolf in The Jungle Book, has become a senior fig- ure in the movement, the name being traditionally adopted by the leader of each Cub Scout pack.
4.1
Chapters
The complete book, having passed into thepublic domain, is on-line atProject Gutenberg's official website and else- where. Each of the even-numbered items below is an epi- grammatic poem related to the previous story.
1. "Mowgli's Brothers": A boy is raised by wolves in the Indian jungle with the help ofBaloothe bear and
Bagheeratheblack panther, and then has to fight the tigerShere Khan. This story has also been published as a short book in its own right: Night-Song in the Jun- gle
2.“Hunting-Song of the Seeonee Pack”
3. "Kaa's Hunting": This story takes place before Mowgli fights Shere Khan. When Mowgli is abducted by
monkeys, Baloo and Bagheera set out to rescue him with the aid of Chil the kite andKaathepython. Max- ims of Baloo.
4.“Road Song of the Bandar-Log”
5. "Tiger! Tiger!": Mowgli returns to the human village and is adopted byMessuaand her husbandwho be- lieve him to be their long-lost sonNathoo. But he has trouble adjusting to human life, and Shere Khan still wants to kill him. The story's title is taken from the poem "The Tyger" byWilliam Blake.
6.“Mowgli's Song” 62
7.“The White Seal": Kotick, a rare white-furred
northern fur seal, searches for a new home for his peo- ple, where they will not be hunted by humans. The “animal language”words and names in this story are a phonetic spelling of Russian spoken with anAleutac- cent, for example the hero's name“Kotick”(Котик) is an affectionate diminutive of “cat”(Кот); also “Stareek!" (Старик!) means “old man!", “Ochen scoochnie”(said by Kotick) to mean “I am very lonesome”is the phonetic pronunciation of Очень скучный which actually means“very boring”. Like- wise,“holluschick”(plural -ie) is "холостяк", (pl. -и) which means “bachelor”and is used in the story for “unmarried”young adult seals.
8.“Lukannon”
9. "Rikki-Tikki-Tavi": Rikki-Tikki the mongoose de- fends a human family living in India against a pair of
cobras. This story has also been published as a short book.
10.“Darzee's Chaunt”
11. "Toomai of the Elephants": Toomai, a ten-year-old boy who helps to tend working elephants, is told that he will never be a full-fledged elephant-handler until he has seen the elephants dance. This story has also been published as a short book.
12.“Shiv and the Grasshopper”
13.“Her Majesty's Servants”(originally titled “Servants of the Queen”): On the night before a military parade a British soldier eavesdrops on a conversation between the camp animals.
14.“Parade-Song of the Camp Animals”parodies sev- eral well-known songs and poems, includingBonnie Dundee.
4.2 Characters
Main article:The Jungle Book characters
In alphabetical order: • Akela– AnIndian wolf
• Bagheera– A melanistic (black)panther
• Baloo—Asloth bear
• Bandar-log – A tribe ofmonkeys
• Chil– Akite(renamed “Rann”in US editions)
• Chuchundra – Amuskrat
• Darzee – Atailorbird
• Father Wolf– The fatherwolfwho raised Mowgli as his own cub
• Grey brother – One of Mother and Father Wolf's cubs • Hathi– AnIndian elephant
• Ikki– AnAsiatic brush-tailed porcupine(mentioned only)
• Kaa– AnIndian python
• Karait – Acommon krait
• Kotick – A whiteseal
• Mang – Abat
• Mor – AnIndian peafowl
• Mowgli– Main character, the young jungle boy • Nag – A maleblack cobra
• Nagaina– A femaleking cobra, Nag's mate • Pappu - Acat
• Raksha– The Mother wolf who raised Mowgli as her own cub
• Rikki-Tikki-Tavi– AnIndian mongoose
• Sea Catch – Anorthern fur sealand Kotick's father • Sea Cow – ASteller's sea cow
• Sea Vitch – Awalrus
• Shere Khan—A royal Bengal tiger • Tabaqui– AnIndian jackal
4.3
Adaptations
The book's text has often been abridged or adapted for younger readers, and there have also been several comic book adaptations.
• Marvel Comicspublished several Jungle Book adap- tations byMary Jo DuffyandGil Kanein the pages of Marvel Fanfare(vol. 1). These strips were collected in the 2007 one-shot Marvel Illustrated: The Jungle Book.
• TheDC Comics Elseworlds' story, "Superman: The Feral Man of Steel", is based loosely on the Jungle Book stories, as well as the Edgar Rice Burroughs'
Tarzanstories. The infantSuperman, like Mowgli, is raised by wolves, and takes the name K'l'l. Bagheera, Akela, and Shere Khan all make appearances. The character is later given the civilised name of 'Clark' by
Lois Lane, and is captured along with his friends, and used for profit byLex Luthor, who is also eventually slain.*[5]
• Bill Willingham'sEisner Award-winning comic book seriesFables, published byVertigo Comics, features the Jungle Book's Mowgli, Bagheera and Shere Khan; though their characterisation remains true to Kipling's stories, Willingham and artistMark Buckinghamalso make oblique references to the 1967 Disney anima- tionin dialogue and artwork. The series amalgamates characters from fairy tales and folklore, as well as chil- dren's literature; Shere Kahn, for instance, is shot dead bySnow White, whilst Mowgli is employed as a spy by
Big Bad Wolf.
• Neil Gaiman'sThe Graveyard Bookis inspired by The Jungle Book. It follows a baby boy who is found and brought up by the dead in a cemetery. It has many scenes that can be directly linked back to Kipling, but with Gaiman's dark twist. Mr. Gaiman has spoken in some detail about this on his website.*[6]
• Jungle Book(1942) – directed byZoltán Korda, star- ringSabu Dastagiras Mowgli.
• Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book(1994) – starring
Jason Scott Leeas Mowgli. The second Jungle Book film produced by Disney.
• The Second Jungle Book: Mowgli and Baloo(1997) – starring Jamie Williams as Mowgli.
• The Jungle Book: Mowgli's Story (1998) – starring
Brandon Bakeras Mowgli.
• The Jungle Book, an adaptation that began production in September 2007 and continued for two years.*[7]
• Walt Disney Animation Studios'1967 animated film version, inspired by the Mowgli stories, was extremely popular, though it took great liberties with the plot, characters and the pronunciation of the characters' names. These characterisations were further used in the 1990 animated series TaleSpin, which featured several anthropomorphic characters loosely based on those from the film in a comic aviation-industry set- ting. After the film's success, DisneyToon Studios
later produced a theatrical sequel,The Jungle Book 2, in 2003.
Heroes of the Soviet animation film on a postal stamp of Russia • In 1967, another animated adaptation was released in
the Soviet Unioncalled Mowgli (Russian: Маугли; published as Adventures of Mowgli in the US), also known as the 'heroic' version of the story. Five ani- mated shorts of about 20 minutes each were released between 1967 and 1971, and combined into a single 96-minute feature film in 1973. It's also very close to the book's storyline, and one of the few adaptations which has Bagheera as a female panther. It also fea- tures stories fromThe Second Jungle Book, such as Red Dog and a simplified version of The King's Ankus. • Chuck Jones's made for-TV cartoons Mowgli's Broth-
ers, Rikki-Tikki-Tavi and The White Seal stick to the original storylines more closely than most adapta- tions.*[8]*[9]*[10]
• There was a Japanese anime television series called Jungle Book Shonen Mowgli broadcast in 1989. Its adaptation represents a compromise between the orig- inal stories and the Walt Disney version. Many of Kipling's stories are adapted into the series, but many elements are combined and changed to suit more mod- ern sensibilities. For instance, Akela, the wolf pack al- pha eventually steps aside, but instead of being threat- ened with death, he stays on as the new leader's advi- sor. Also, there is an Indian family in the series which includes Rikki-Tikki-Tavi as a petmongoose. Finally at the series' conclusion, Mowgli leaves the jungle for human civilisation, but still keeps strong ties with his animal friends.
• Stuart Patersonwrote a stage adaptation in 2004, first produced by the Birmingham Old Rep in 2004 and published in 2007 byNick Hern Books.*[11]
• In 2006 the Orlando Shakespeare Theater commis- sioned a unique adaptation for their Theater For Young Audiences series.
• A new adaptation written by Leonard Joseph Dun- ham was premiered by the Hunger Artists Theatre Company in Fullerton, California, on 12 September 2008.*[12]
• A 2008BBC Radioadaptation, directed by Chris Wal- lis and starring Nisha K. Nayar as Mowgli,Eartha Kitt
as Kaa,Freddie Jonesas Baloo andJonathan Hydeas Bagheera, with music byJohn Mayer.*[13]*[14]
• Australian composerPercy Grainger, an avid Kipling reader wrote a Jungle Book cycle, which was published in 1958.
• Walt Disney Picturesis developinga live-action/CGI adaptationwith Justin Marks penning the screenplay and Jon Favreau directing the film for an April 15, 2016 release. The film's cast includes Neel Sethi as
Mowgli, Bill Murray as Baloo, Idris Elba as Shere Khan,Ben KingsleyasBagheera,Christopher Walken
asKing Louie,Giancarlo EspositoasAkela,Scarlett JohanssonasKaaandLupita Nyong'oasRaksha. • Warner Bros. is also developing a live-action version
titled Jungle Book: Origins, with Steve Kloveswrit- ing and Andy Serkis set to direct. Serkis will also be providing the voice ofBaloo. The film will be re- leased on October 6, 2017. The film's cast includes
Benedict CumberbatchasShere Khan,Christian Bale
asBagheera,Cate BlanchettasKaa,Naomie Harrisas
Raksha,Tom HollanderasTabaqui,Eddie Marsanas Papa Wolf,Peter MullanasAkela, andRohan Chand
asMowgli.
4.4 Controversies
A letter written and signed by Rudyard Kipling in 1895 was put up for auction in 2013 by Andrusier. In this letter, Kipling confesses plagiarism in the Jungle Book: “I am afraid that all that code in its outlines has been manufac- tured to meet 'the necessities of the case': though a little of it is bodily taken from (Southern) Esquimaux rules for the division of spoils,”Kipling wrote in the letter.“In fact, it is extremely possible that I have helped myself promiscuously but at present cannot remember from whose stories I have stolen.”*[15]
4.5 See also
• Just So Stories
• Works of Rudyard Kipling
• The Jungle Book characters • The Third Jungle Book
• Feral children in mythology and fiction
• Pench National Park, nearSeoni(Seeonee) is said to be the forest where the Seeonee wolf pack lives.
4.6
References
[1] Rao, K. Bhaskara (1967) Rudyard Kipling's India. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press
[2] “Kipling first edition with author's poignant note found”. BBC News. Retrieved 26 February 2013
[3] The Long Recessional: the Imperial Life of Rudyard Kipling, David Gilmour, Pimlico, 2003ISBN 0-7126-6518-8 [4] Hjejle, Benedicte 1983 'Kipling, Britisk Indien og Mowgli-
historieine', Feitskrifi til Kristof Glamann, edited by Ole Fd- dbek and Niels Thomson. Odense, Denmark: Odense Uni- versitetsforlag. pp. 87–114.
[5] Superman Annual No.6 (1994)
[6] Neil Gaiman's Journal, February 13, 2008
[7]“BBC, Pathe team for 'Jungle Book' – Entertainment News, Film News, Media – Variety”. Variety.
[8]“The White Seal (TV 1975) – IMDB”. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
[9] “Rikki-Tikki-Tavi (TV 1975) – IMDB”. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
[10] “Mowgli's Brothers (TV 1976) – IMDB”. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
[11] Stuart Paterson – complete guide to the Playwright and Plays [12] Hunger Artists – Show Archives
[13] “BBC Radio 4 Extra - Rudyard Kipling - The Jungle Book - Episode guide”. Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-08-02. [14] “Radio”. Nishanayar.com. Retrieved 2014-08-02. [15] Flood, Alison (31 May 2013). “Rudyard Kipling 'admit-
ted to plagiarism in Jungle Book'". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 31 May 2013.
4.7
External links
• The Jungle Book Collection: a website demonstrating the variety of merchandise related to the book and film versions of The Jungle Book.
•
• The Jungle BookatProject Gutenberg
• Boom Kat Dance: a website describing the dance adaptation of The Jungle Book by Boom Kat Dance Company.
Kim (novel)
Kim is a novel by Nobel Prize-winning English author
Rudyard Kipling. It was first published serially inMcClure's Magazinefrom December 1900 to October 1901 as well as inCassell's Magazinefrom January to November 1901, and first published in book form byMacmillan & Co. Ltdin October 1901. The story unfolds against the backdrop of
The Great Game, the political conflict between Russia and Britain in Central Asia. It is set after theSecond Afghan Warwhich ended in 1881, but before theThird, probably in the period 1893 to 1898.*[1]
The novel is notable for its detailed portrait of the people, culture, and varied religions of India. “The book presents a vivid picture of India, its teeming populations, religions, and superstitions, and the life of the bazaars and the road.”
*[2]
In 1998, theModern Libraryranked Kim No. 78 on its list of the100 best English-language novels of the 20th cen- tury.*[3]In 2003 the book was listed on the BBC'sThe Big
Readpoll of the UK's “best-loved novel.”*[4]
5.1 Plot summary
Kim (Kimball O'Hara)*[5]is the orphaned son of an Irish
soldier and a poor Irish mother who have both died in poverty. Living a vagabond existence in India under British rule in the late 19th century, Kim earns his living by beg- ging and running small errands on the streets ofLahore. He occasionally works for Mahbub Ali, aPashtunhorse trader who is one of the native operatives of the British secret ser- vice. Kim is so immersed in the local culture, few realise he is a white child, though he carries a packet of documents from his father entrusted to him by an Indian woman who cared for him.
Kim befriends an agedTibetan Lamawho is on a quest to free himself from theWheel of Thingsby finding the leg- endary River of the Arrow. Kim becomes hischela, or dis- ciple, and accompanies him on his journey. On the way, Kim incidentally learns about parts ofthe Great Gameand
is recruited by Mahbub Ali to carry a message to the head of British intelligence inUmballa. Kim's trip with the lama along theGrand Trunk Roadis the first great adventure in the novel.
By chance, Kim's father's regimental chaplain identifies Kim by hisMasoniccertificate, which he wears around his neck, and Kim is forcibly separated from the lama. The lama insists that Kim should comply with the chaplain's plan because he believes it is in Kim's best interests, and the boy is sent to atop English schoolinLucknow. The lama funds Kim's education.
Throughout his years at school, Kim remains in contact with the holy man he has come to love. Kim also retains contact with his secret service connections and is trained in espi- onage (to be asurveyor) while on vacation from school by Lurgan Sahib, at his jewellery shop inSimla. As part of his training, Kim looks at a tray full of mixed objects and notes which have been added or taken away, a pastime still called
Kim's Game, also called the Jewel Game.
After three years of schooling, Kim is given a government appointment so that he can begin his role in the Great Game. Before this appointment begins however, he is granted time to take a much-deserved break. Kim rejoins the lama and at the behest of Kim's superior, Hurree Chunder Mookherjee, they make a trip to theHimalayas. Here the espionage and spiritual threads of the story collide, with the lama unwit- tingly falling into conflict withRussian intelligence agents. Kim obtains maps, papers, and other important items from the Russians working to undermine British control of the region. Mookherjee befriends the Russians under cover, acting as a guide and ensures that they do not recover the lost items. Kim, aided by some porters and villagers, helps to rescue the lama.
The lama realises that he has gone astray. His search for the “River of the Arrow”should be taking place in the plains, not in the mountains, and he orders the porters to take them back. Here Kim and the lama are nursed back to health after their arduous journey. Kim delivers the Russian documents to Hurree, and a concerned Mahbub Ali comes