• TheUK Hydrographic Office(or UKHO) is an organi- sation within theUK governmentresponsible for pro- vidingnavigational and other hydrographic informa- tion for national, civil and defence requirements. The UKHO is located inTaunton,Somerseton Admiralty Way and has a workforce of approximately 1000 staff. For more Information about Civilian Agencies of or within the MoD seeMinistry of Defence (United Kingdom).
2.8 Recruitment
Further information:Recruitment in the British Army
All three services of the British Armed Forces recruit pri-
One of the most recognisable recruiting posters of the British Army; fromWorld War IfeaturingKitchener.
marily from within the United Kingdom, although citizens from theCommonwealth of Nationsand the Republic of Irelandare equally eligible to join.*[92]The minimum re-
cruitment age is 16 years (although personnel may not serve on armed operations below 18 years, and if under 18 must also have parental consent to join); the maximum recruit- ment age depends whether the application is for a regular or reserve role; there are further variations in age limit for different corps/regiments. The normal term of engagement is 22 years; however, the minimum service required before resignation is 4 years, plus, in the case of the Army, any ser- vice person below the age of 18.*[93]At present, the yearly
intake into the armed forces is 11,880 (per the 12 months to 31 March 2014).*[94]
Excluding theBrigade of Gurkhasand theRoyal Irish Reg- iment, as of 1 April 2014 there are approximately 11,200 Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) persons serving as Regu- lars across the three service branches - of those, 6,610 were
recruited from outside the United Kingdom. In total, Black and Minority Ethnic persons represent 7.1% of all service personnel, an increase from 6.6% in 2010.*[94]
Since the year 2000,sexual orientation has not been a fac- tor considered in recruitment, and homosexuals can serve openly in the armed forces. All branches of the forces have actively recruited atGay Prideevents.*[95]*[96]The forces
keep no formal figures concerning the number of gay and lesbian serving soldiers, saying that the sexual orientation of personnel is considered irrelevant and not monitored.*[97]
2.8.1
Role of women
Women have been integrated into the British Armed Forces since the early 1990s; however, they remain excluded from primarily combat units in the Army, Royal Marines, and
Royal Air Force Regiment.*[98]As of 1 April 2014, there
are approximately 15,840 women serving in the Armed Forces, representing 9.9% of all service personnel.*[94]
The first female military pilot was Flight LieutenantJulie Ann Gibson whileFlight Lieutenants Jo Salterand Kirsty Moore were the first fast-jet pilots, the former flying a Tor- nado GR1 on missions patrolling the thenNorthern Iraqi No-Fly Zone.*[99]Flight Lieutenant Juliette Fleming and
Squadron LeaderNikki Thomas recently were the first Tor- nado GR4 crew.*[100]While enforcing the Libyan No-Fly
Zone, Flight Lieutenant Helen Seymour was identified as the first female Eurofighter Typhoon pilot.*[101]In August
2011, it was announced that a female Lieutenant Comman- der, Sarah West, was to command thefrigate HMS Port- land.*[102]
2.9
See also
• Banknotes of the British Armed Forces
• Common Security and Defence Policy
• Military of Scotland
• Military of the Falkland Islands
• The Lancaster House Treaties (2010)
• Commander-in-chief of the British Armed Forces
• Network-enabled capability- British military concept of achieving enhanced military effect through the bet- ter use ofinformation systems. Similar to the US con- cept ofNetwork-centric warfare
• Joint Rapid Reaction Force
2.10 Notes
[1] Figure is current as of 1 January 2015. It excludes person- nel of theMilitary Provost Guard Service.*[2]</ref>Reserve
personnel 75,110*[nb 2]Percent of GDP 2.1%; FY 2014-
15<ref name='IISS'>International Institute for Strategic Studies(11 February 2015). The Military Balance 2015. London:Routledge.ISBN 1857437667.
[2] Figure is current as of 1 January 2015. It includes 30,000 Volunteer Reservepersonnel*[2]and 45,110Regular Re-
serve personnel.*[3]Since April 2013, MoD publications
no longer report the entire strength of the Regular Reserve, instead, only Regular Reserves serving under a fixed-term reserve contract are counted. These contracts are simi- lar in nature to the Volunteer Reserve.*[4]The figure for Volunteer Reserve personnel excludes theUniversity Train- ing Units.</ref>ExpendituresBudget £45 billion;FY2015- 16*[5]
(~$69 billion)<ref>Exchange rate as of 2 June 2015 [3] Also referred to as Her Majesty's Armed Forces, the Armed
Forces of the Crown, and the Armed Forces of the United Kingdom.
2.11 References
[1] ParliamentSpeaker addresses Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, 20 March 2012
[2] gov.uk MoD - quarterly personnel report, table 3 page 8. 1 January 2015.
[3] gov.uk MoD – reserves and cadet strengths, table 1a-page 10. April 2014.
[4] gov.uk MoD - reserves and cadet strengths, table 4 page 13. See note 2. April 2014.
[5] 2015 Budget (18 March 2015) - see Chart 1 on page 6 [6] The Mission of the Armed Forces, armedforces.co.uk [7] Wikisource:Bill of Rights 1689
[8] Permanent Joint Operating Bases, northwood.mod.uk [9] House of Commons Hansard, publications.parliament.uk [10] Chandler & Beckett (2003), p343
[11] Colman (2005), A 'Special Relationship'?: Harold Wilson, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Anglo-American Relations' at the Summit', 1964–68, p77
[12] Focus on Europe, raf.mod.uk
[13] Johnman & Gorst (1997), The Suez Crisis, p166
[14] Lider (1985), British Military Thought After World War II, p525
[15] Lee (1996), Aspects of British Political History 1914-1995, 273
[16] Pierre (1972), Nuclear Politics: the British experience with an independent strategic force: 1939-1970, p100
[17] Hack (2000), Defence and Decolonisation in South-East Asia: Britain, Malaya, Singapore, 1941-1968, p285 [18] Chandler & Beckett (2003), p345
[19] Vanguard to Trident 1945-2000, royal-navy.mod.uk [20] Kennedy (2004), British Naval Strategy East of Suez, 1900-
2000: Influence and Actions, p193 [21] Focus on Europe, raf.mod.uk, p15-16
[22] dasa.mod.uk 1998 Publication ArchivedFebruary 3, 2007 at theWayback Machine
[23] Chandler & Beckett (2003), p421
[24] Kennedy (2004), British Naval Strategy East of Suez, 1900- 2000: Influence and Actions, p246
[25] Harding (2005), The Royal Navy 1930-2000: innovation and defence, p220
[26] Chandler & Beckett (2003), pp350-351 [27] Chandler & Beckett (2003), p358 [28] Hollowell (2003), Britain Since 1945, p16
[29] Strachan (2006), Big Wars And Small Wars: The British Army And the Lessons of War in the Twentieth Century, p158 [30] Frantzen (2005), Nato And Peace Support Operations, 1991–
1999: Policies And Doctrines, p104
[31] Frantzen (2005), NATO and Peace Support Operations, 1991–1999: policies and doctrines, p95
[32] Dorman (2005), Overstretch: Modern Army's weakness, news.bbc.co.uk
[33] Chandler & Beckett (2003), p434
[34] BBC (2007),Military 'faces retention crisis', news.bbc.co.uk [35] Chandler & Beckett (2003), P418
[36] Kennedy, British Naval Strategy East of Suez, 1900-2000: Influence and Actions, p261
[37] Hansard (1998), House of Commons, publica- tions.parliament.uk
[38] Chandler & Beckett (2003), p418
[39] Permanent Joint Headquarters, armedforces.co.uk [40] BBC (2004), The armed forces of the future,
[41] Delivering Security in a Changing World Future Capabili- ties, mod.ukArchived5 August 2012 at theWayback Ma- chine
[42] BBC News (2004), Hoon confirms super-regiment plan, news.bbc.co.uk
[43] Future Army Structure, armedforces.co.ukArchived27 July 2014 at theWayback Machine
[44] House of Commons Hansard, publications.parliament.uk Archived16 June 2013 at theWayback Machine
[45] Where are British troops and why?, news.bbc.co.uk [46] Ministry of Defence Policy Paper No.2 - Multinational De-
fence Co-operation, mod.ukArchived21 October 2012 at theWayback Machine
[47] Operation Garron, operations.mod.uk
[48] Pakistan Earthquake Relief Operations: Chronology of Events, operations.mod.uk
[49] Numbers of UK armed forces committed to Northern Ire- land, dasa.mod.ukArchived9 January 2014 at theWayback Machine
[50] Jackson, Ireland, 1798-1998: Politics and War, p.404 [51] BBC News,Good Friday Agreement, news.bbc.co.uk [52] BBC News (2006), Troop withdrawal plan published,
news.bbc.co.uk
[53] Wintour, Patrick (2 November 2010).“Britain and France sign landmark 50-year defence deal”. The Guardian (Lon- don).
[54] The Military Balance 2014: Top 15 Defence Budgets 2013 (IISS)
[55] RUSI Briefing Paper. Published September 2011 P. 18 [56] Spending Review 2013: Osborne on defence26 June 2013
Archived9 July 2013 at theWayback Machine
[57] “East of Suez, West from Helmand: British Expeditionary Force and the next SDSR”(PDF). Oxford Research Group. December 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
[58] “A Return to East of Suez? UK Military Deployment to the Gulf”. Royal United Services Institute. April 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
[59]“The New East of Suez Question: Damage Limitation after Failure Over Syria”. Royal United Services Institute. 19 September 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
[60] Queen and Armed Forces, royal.gov.uk.
[61] “Whose hand is on the button?". BBC. 2 December 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
[62] Looking into the Black Hole: Is the UK Defence Budget Crisis Really Over?, rusi.org, Malcolm Chalmers, Septem- ber 2011
[63] Hansard (1998),House of Commons Written Answers, pub- lications.parliament.uk
[64] The Royal Gibraltar Regiment, 1rg.gi
[65] More soldiers from Royal Gibraltar Regiment in overseas duties in regiment's history, www.panorama.gi
[66] Royal Navy - Continuous at sea deterrent, royal- navy.mod.uk, Accessed 6 December 2014
[67] “The Future of the United Kingdom’s Nuclear Deterrent” (PDF).Ministry of Defence. 4 December 2006. Retrieved 2006-12-05.
[68] Speech Chief of the Defence Staff General Sir David Richards Royal United Services Institute(RUSI), 17 De- cember 2012
[69]“Royal Navy”. royalnavy.mod.uk. Retrieved October 2014. [70] Fleet Command and Organisation, armedforces.co.uk [71] Archived16 August 2014 at theWayback Machine [72] Hampshire (1975), The Royal Navy Since 1945: its transition
to the nuclear age, p248
[73] “MoD confirms £3.8bn carrier order”. BBC News. 25 July 2007. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
[74] BBC News (2002), UK's mountain warfare elite, news.bbc.co.uk
[75] The Commando Role for 1 RIFLER, army.mod.uk Archived19 May 2012 at theWayback Machine
[76] Commando Logistic Regiment, royalnavy.mod.ukArchived 16 August 2014 at theWayback Machine
[77] Army Command reorganizationDefence Marketing Intelli- gence, 10 November 2011
[78] Higher Command Archived 24 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine
[79] Divisions and Brigades, army.mod.ukArchived19 Septem- ber 2012 at theWayback Machine
[80] Number of Regiments, Infantry battalions & Major Head- quarters, in the Regular & Territorial Army at 1 April each year, dasa.mod.ukArchived20 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine
[81] HQ Land Forces, armedforces.co.uk/
[82] TheMercian Regimentwas formed in August 2007, to be- come the final regiment created as a result of the infantry amalgamations under FAS
[83] Arms and Services, army.mod.ukArchived19 September 2012 at theWayback Machine
[84] Nick Harvey, Minister of State for the Armed Forces (31 January 2012).“Military Aircraft”.Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons.
[85] RAF - Structure, raf.mod.uk
[86] Transforming the Royal Air Force, raf.mod.uk
[87] Royal Air Force Squadrons, raf.mod.ukArchived19 Febru- ary 2014 at theWayback Machine
[88] Aircraft Order of Battle,scramble.nl Archived25 July 2013 at theWayback Machine
[89] Royal Air Force - Equipment, .raf.mod.uk
[90] The Royal Air Force Regiment, raf.mod.ukArchived5 Oc- tober 2012 at theWayback Machine
[91] RAF Regiment, armedforces.co.uk
[92] Evans (2005),How British Army is fast becoming foreign legion, timesonline.co.uk
[93] BBC News (2007), Recruitment Age for Army Raised, news.bbc.co.uk
[94] UK Armed Forces Quarterly Personnel Report, gov.uk, 1 April 2014
[95]“Army marches with Pride parade”. BBC News. 27 August 2005. Retrieved 6 November 2009.
[96] “The LGBT community in the Armed Forces”. London Gay Pride official website. 11 June 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 27 February 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2009. [97] Leake, Jonathan; Philip Cardy (28 August 2005). “Army on parade for gay recruits”. London: The Times. Retrieved 6 November 2009.
[98] Women in the Armed Forces, mod.ukArchived29 Septem- ber 2012 at theWayback Machine
[99] Haynes, Deborah (23 May 2009).“The Top Gun girl and the Tornado fast jet”. The Times (London).
[100] Tornados and Taliban are all in a day's work. This is Devon (2009-12-29). Retrieved on 2013-08-24.
[101] Collins, Nick (24 March 2011). “First woman to fly Ty- phoon enforces no-fly-zone”. The Daily Telegraph (Lon- don).
[102] “Royal Navy appoints first female warship commander”. BBC News. 8 August 2011.
2.12 External links
• British Ministry of Defence(gov.uk)
• Defence Academy of the United Kingdom
(.da.mod.uk)
• NAO - MoD budget, equipment plan 2013 to 2023
(nao.org.uk)
• Royal Navy official website(royalnavy.mod.uk) • Royal Marines official webpage(royalnavy.mod.uk) • British Army official website(army.mod.uk) • Royal Air Force official website(raf.mod.uk)
Chapter 3
British Raj
This article is about the rule of the British Crown from 1858 to 1947 over the Indian Subcontinent.. For the previous rule of East India Companywhich existed from 1757 to 1858, seeCompany rule in India.
“British Empire in India”redirects here. For other uses, seeBritish India (disambiguation).
“Indian Empire”redirects here. For other Indian empires, seeHistory of India.
The British Raj (rāj, meaning “rule”inHindi)*[2]was
the rule of Great Britain in theIndian subcontinentbetween 1858 and 1947.*[3]The term can also refer to the period
of dominion.*[3]*[4] The region under British control —
commonly called India—included areas directly adminis- tered by Britain as well as theprincely statesruled by indi- vidual rulers under the paramountcy of theBritish Crown. The region is now less commonly also calledBritish In- diaor the Indian Empire.*[5]The Empire of India was
officially created by Prime MinisterBenjamin Disraelifor
Queen Victoriain 1876. As India, it was afounding mem- berof theLeague of Nations, a participating nation in the
Summer Olympicsin 1900, 1920, 1928, 1932, and 1936, and afounding memberof theUnited NationsinSan Fran- cisco in 1945.*[6]
The system of governance was instituted on June 28, 1858, when theruleof theBritish East India Companywas trans- ferred to the Crown in the person of Queen Victoria*[7]
(and who, in 1876, was proclaimed Empress of India), and lasted until 1947, when the British Indian Empire was
partitionedinto two sovereigndominionstates: theUnion of India(later theRepublic of India) and theDominion of Pakistan(later theIslamic Republic of Pakistan, the eastern half of which, still later, became thePeople's Republic of Bangladesh). At the inception of the Raj in 1858,Lower Burmawas already a part of British India; Upper Burma
was added in 1886, and the resulting union, Burma, was administered as an autonomous province until 1937, when it became a separate British colony, gaining its own inde- pendence in 1948.
3.1
Geographical extent
An 1909 map of the British Indian Empire
The British Raj extended over almost all present-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, with exceptions such asGoaand
Pondicherry.*[8] In addition, at various times, it included
Aden(from 1858 to 1937),*[9]Lower Burma(from 1858
to 1937),Upper Burma(from 1886 to 1937),British Soma- liland(briefly from 1884 to 1898), and Singapore (briefly from 1858 to 1867). Burma was separated from India and directly administered by the British Crown from 1937 un- til its independence in 1948. The Trucial States of the
Persian Gulf were theoretically princely states as well as
Presidencies and provinces of British Indiauntil 1946 and used therupeeas their unit of currency.*[10]
Among other countries in the region, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) was ceded to Britain in 1802 under theTreaty of Amiens. Ceylon was part ofMadras Presidencybetween 1793 and 1798.*[11]The kingdoms ofNepalandBhutan,
having fought wars with the British, subsequently signed treaties with them and were recognised by the British as in- dependent states.*[12]*[13]The Kingdom ofSikkimwas
established as a princely state after the Anglo-Sikkimese 32
Treaty of 1861; however, the issue of sovereignty was left undefined.*[14] The Maldive Islands were a British
protectoratefrom 1887 to 1965 but not part of British India.
3.2 Economic extent
British Raj coins duringEdward VIIandGeorge V,Indian Museum
In 1780, the conservative British politicianEdmund Burke
raised the issue of India's position: he vehemently attacked theEast India Company, claiming thatWarren Hastingsand other top officials had ruined the Indian economy and so- ciety. Indian historian Rajat Kanta Ray (1998) continues this line of attack, saying the new economy brought by the British in the 18th century was a form of “plunder”and a catastrophe for the traditional economy of theMughal Em- pire.*[15]Ray accuses the British of depleting the food and
money stocks and of imposing high taxes that helped cause the terribleBengal famine of 1770, which killed a third of the people of Bengal.*[16]
P. J. Marshall shows that recent scholarship has reinter- preted the view that the prosperity of the formerly benign Mughal rule gave way to poverty and anarchy.*[17]He ar-
gues the British takeover did not make any sharp break with the past, which largely delegated control to regional Mughal rulers and sustained a generally prosperous economy for the rest of the 18th century. Marshall notes the British went into partnership with Indian bankers and raised revenue through local tax administrators and kept the old Mughal rates of taxation.
Many historians agree that the East India Company inher- ited an onerous taxation system that took one-third of the produce of Indian cultivators.*[15]Instead of the Indian na-
tionalist account of the British as alien aggressors, seizing power by brute force and impoverishing all of India, Mar- shall presents the interpretation (supported by many schol- ars in India and the West) that the British were not in full control but instead were players in what was primarily an Indian play and in which their rise to power depended upon excellent co-operation with Indian elites.*[17]Marshall ad-
mits that much of his interpretation is still highly controver- sial among many historians.*[18]