Capítulo 4. Presentación de resultados
4.1 Presentación de resultados
4.1.4 Caso D
74) TRUE 75) FALSE 76) TRUE 77) TRUE 78) FALSE 79) TRUE 80) TRUE 81) FALSE 82) TRUE 83) FALSE 84) FALSE 85) TRUE 86) FALSE 87) FALSE 88) TRUE 89) FALSE 90) FALSE 91) B 92) A 93) C 94) A 95) B 96) A 97) C 98) A 99) A 100) B 101) A 102) A 103) D
104) A 105) B 106) C 107) A 108) B 109) A 110) B 111) A 112) D 113) A 114) C 115) A 116) D 117) B 118) A 119) A 120) A 121) A
122) Optic fibers from each eye leave the back of the eyeball through the optic nerve. At the optic chiasma, the medial fibers of each eye cross over to the opposite side. The resultant optic tracts contain fibers from the lateral side of the eye on the same side and the medial side of the opposite eye. The optic fibers synapse with neurons in the
thalamus, which then continue on to the occipital lobe of the brain.
123) Light travels through the cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor before being focused on the retina during normal vision. Refraction by the cornea and humors is constant, whereas the lens changes its shape to be either more or less convex as needed. The greater the convexity, the more light is bent.
124) 1. Presbyopia literally means ʺold visionʺ and occurs around age 40 and later. As we age, the lens of the eye becomes less elastic. As a result, we have a difficult time focusing on things close to us, such as reading a
newspaper, and we essentially become farsighted.
2. Presbycusis is a type of sensorineural deafness that often occurs as we age into our sixties. The deterioration and atrophy of the organ of Corti lead to a loss in the ability to hear high tones and speech sounds. In some cases of presbycusis, the ossicles of the ear fuse leading to difficulty conducting sound in the inner ear.
125) Static equilibrium is regulated by the maculae of the vestibule. The maculae report on the position of the head with respect to the pull of gravity when the body is at rest. Each macula is a patch of receptor cells embedded in the otolithic membrane. The otolithic membrane contains otoliths which roll in response to changes in the pull of gravity. This movement causes the hair cells of the membrane to bend, sending impulses along the vestibular nerve to the cerebellum, relating information regarding the position of the head in space. Dynamic equilibrium is
regulated by the semicircular canals. The crista ampullaris of the membranous semicircular canal consists of a tuft of hair cells and their gelatinous cap called the cupula. Movement of the head causes the cupula to move in the opposite direction, stimulating the hair cells, which then transmit impulses up the vestibular nerve to the
cerebellum. Static and dynamic equilibrium work together to provide information to the cerebellum to help control balance.
126) Olfactory receptor cells transmit impulses to the olfactory cortex of the brain for interpretation. An ʺodor snapshotʺ is made, which then becomes part of our long-term memory. The olfactory pathways are closely tied to the limbic system, the emotional-visceral part of the brain. Odors elicit strong emotional responses, both positive and negative. The smell of freshly baked cookies, a certain perfume, or a dentistʹs office all engender their own unique response.
127) Sound waves enter the pinna and are transmitted down the external auditory canal until they hit the tympanic membrane and cause it to vibrate. Vibration of the tympanic membrane then causes the ossicles of the middle ear to vibrate, which in turn presses on the oval window of the inner ear. Vibration of the oval window sets the fluids of the inner ear in motion. Movement of the cochlear fluids then stimulate the hair cells of the organ of Corti, which in turn transmit impulses along the cochlear nerve to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe, where interpretation of sound occurs.
128) 1. The lens is the only structure in the eye that can change shape to refract light. The lens becomes more or less convex in order to properly focus light on the retina.
2. Cataracts are caused when the lens becomes increasingly hard and opaque. Vision becomes hazy and blindness can occur in the affected eye.
Exam
Name___________________________________
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) Insulin causes: 1) _______
A) a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose B) an increase in blood pressure
C) a decrease in blood pressure
D) an increase in the production of glucagon E) an increase in the concentration of blood glucose
2) The cells in the testes that produce testosterone are called: 2) _______
A) interstitial cells B) alpha cells
C) gonadotropic cells D) beta cells
E) pancreatic islet cells
3) Which one of the following is NOT a sign of diabetes mellitus: 3) _______
A) polydipsia B) polyuria C) polyphagia D) moon face
E) acidosis
4) Diabetes insipidus is caused by hyposecretion of: 4) _______
A) glucagon
B) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) C) growth hormone
D) prolactin (PRL)
E) parathyroid hormone (PTH)
5) Tetany resulting from uncontrolled muscle spasms may indicate a malfunction of the: 5) _______
A) pineal gland B) adrenal cortex C) thymus
D) posterior pituitary E) parathyroid glands
6) Which one of the following is NOT a symptom of Cushingʹs syndrome: 6) _______
A) bronze skin tones B) high blood pressure C) buffalo hump D) moon face
E) water retention
7) Which one of the following hormones exerts its primary effects on the reproductive organs: 7) _______
A) prolactin
B) adrenocorticotropic hormone C) thyroid-stimulating hormone D) follicle-stimulating hormone
E) growth hormone
8) Which one of the following is NOT an anterior pituitary hormone: 8) _______
A) prolactin
B) antidiuretic hormone
C) follicle-stimulating hormone D) adrenocorticotropic hormone
E) luteinizing hormone
9) Insulin works as an antagonist to: 9) _______
A) oxytocin B) glucagon C) testosterone D) thyroid hormone
E) thymosin
10) An enlargement of the thyroid gland resulting from a deficiency of dietary iodine is called: 10) ______
A) goiter B) acromegaly C) cretinism D) myxedema
E) exophthalmos
11) Which one of the following is NOT a function of oxytocin: 11) ______
A) stimulation of uterine contractions B) stimulation of menstruation C) stimulation of breast milk ejection D) labor induction
E) postpartum bleeding control
12) Insulin is produced by cells of the pancreatic islets called: 12) ______
A) alpha cells B) delta cells C) gamma cells D) beta cells
E) theta cells
13) Which one of the following is NOT an action of the catecholamines: 13) ______
A) increased heart rate
B) dilation of the small passages of the lungs C) stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system D) decreased blood pressure
E) increased blood glucose levels
14) Which one of the following is NOT one of the major processes controlled by hormones: 14) ______
A) mobilizing body defenses against stressors B) growth and development
C) maintaining electrolyte balance D) body coordination
E) regulating cellular metabolism
15) Estrogens do all of the following EXCEPT: 15) ______
A) stimulate menstruation
B) stimulate the development of secondary sex characteristics in females C) help maintain pregnancy
D) stimulate growth of facial hair
E) prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg
16) Hypersecretion of growth hormone after long bone growth has ended (as an adult) is called: 16) ______
A) pituitary dwarfism B) acromegaly C) gigantism D) myxedema
E) Cushingʹs disease
17) Rising blood levels of aldosterone cause the kidney tubules to: 17) ______
A) reabsorb calcium B) reabsorb sodium C) reabsorb iodine D) reabsorb potassium
E) reabsorb hydrogen
18) The chemical messengers of the endocrine system are known as: 18) ______
A) stimuli B) neurons C) effectors D) hormones
E) target cells
19) Alcohol inhibits the secretion of: 19) ______
A) prolactin (PRL)
B) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) C) parathyroid hormone (PTH) D) oxytocin
E) glucagon
20) The hormone that appears to help regulate our sleep-awake cycles is: 20) ______
A) melatonin B) thyroxine C) progesterone D) thymosin
E) glucagon
21) Which hormone works with estrogen to bring about the menstual cycle: 21) ______
A) prolactin B) oxytocin C) testosterone
D) human chorionic gonadotropin E) progesterone
22) Most endocrine organs are prodded into action by other hormones; this type of stimulus is called:
22) ______
A) neural stimulus B) humoral stimulus C) hormonal stimulus
D) receptor-mediated stimulus E) steroid stimulus
23) Which one of the following is NOT produced by the adrenal cortex: 23) ______
A) mineralocorticoids B) glucocorticoids C) sex hormones D) aldosterone
E) epinephrine
24) The element necessary in the diet for proper thyroid function is: 24) ______
A) sodium B) potassium C) iodine D) bromine E) calcium
25) Which one of the following is NOT typical of the changes that follow the binding of a hormone to its target cells:
25) ______
A) mitosis is stimulated B) cellular mutations occur
C) proteins are synthesized in the cell D) plasma membrane permeability changes
E) enzymes are activated or inactivated
26) Which of these hormones is released by the adrenal medulla: 26) ______
A) sex hormones B) aldosterone C) glucocorticoids D) epinephrine
E) cortisone
27) The bodyʹs major metabolic hormone is called: 27) ______
A) calcitonin B) growth hormone C) thyroid hormone D) prolactin
E) adrenaline
28) The hormone that triggers ovulation of an egg from the female ovary is: 28) ______
A) luteinizing hormone B) prolactin
C) interstitial cell-stimulating hormone D) progesterone
E) follicle-stimulating hormone
29) Tropic hormones: 29) ______
A) stimulate the pineal gland to secrete hormones B) stimulate nervous tissue
C) stimulate prostaglandins
D) stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones E) stimulate the thymus gland to secrete hormones
30) The hormone responsible for the maturation of white blood cells known as T lymphocytes is: 30) ______
A) aldosterone B) progesterone
C) thymosin D) melatonin
E) thyroxine
31) The hypothalamus is most closely associated with the: 31) ______
A) thymus gland B) thyroid gland C) pituitary gland D) pineal gland
E) pancreas
32) Growth hormone: 32) ______
A) results in Cushingʹs disease if produced in excess B) is produced by the thyroid gland
C) promotes growth in long bones and skeletal muscles D) is secreted by the thymus gland
E) prevents urine production
33) Negative feedback mechanisms regulate: 33) ______
A) steroid hormones only B) very few hormones C) most hormones
D) prostaglandin hormones only E) amino acid-based hormones only
34) The enzyme produced by the kidneys when blood pressure drops, stimulating a release of aldosterone, is called:
34) ______
A) cortisol B) renin C) angiotensin D) vasopressin
E) cortisone
35) Prostaglandins are: 35) ______
A) lipid hormones manufactured in cell plasma membranes B) steroid hormones
C) amino acid-based hormones D) target organs
E) glycerol hormones
36) The secondary sex characteristics brought about by testosterone secretion do NOT include: 36) ______
A) development of heavy muscles B) growth of facial hair
C) lowering the voice
D) development of heavy bones E) development of breasts
37) The thyroid gland is located: 37) ______
A) within the parathyroid glands B) below the Adamʹs apple C) within the mediastinum D) within the pancreas
E) above the kidneys
38) Being lipid soluble, steroids can do all the following EXCEPT: 38) ______
A) bind to receptor proteins within the nucleus B) catalyze cyclic AMP
C) enter the nucleus
D) activate genes to transcribe mRNA for protein synthesis E) diffuse through the plasma membranes of target cells
39) Glucocorticoids do all of the following EXCEPT: 39) ______
A) decrease edema B) suppress inflammation C) increase blood glucose levels D) help resist long-term stress
E) regulate salt content of the blood
40) Which of these hormones does NOT play a role in reproduction: 40) ______
A) estrogen
B) luteinizing hormone C) testosterone
D) follicle-stimulating hormone E) antidiuretic hormone
41) Which one of the following hormones is NOT produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland:
41) ______
A) thyroid-stimulating hormone B) oxytocin
C) growth hormone D) prolactin
E) luteinizing hormone
42) Hyposecretion of thyroxine in early childhood leads to: 42) ______
A) exophthalmos B) myxedema C) cretinism D) acromegaly
E) dwarfism
43) The ʺfight-or-flightʺ response triggers the release of: 43) ______
A) growth hormone B) epinephrine C) melatonin D) prolactin
E) ADH
44) The pineal gland produces 44) ______
A) insulin B) cortisol C) melatonin D) thymosin E) estrogen
45) Which of these hormones regulate calcium levels in the body: 45) ______
A) T3 and T4
B) calcitonin and parathyroid hormone C) melatonin and glucocorticoids
D) oxytocin and prolactin E) insulin and glucagon
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Figure 9.1
Using Figure 9.1, identify the following:
46) The producer of hormones released by the posterior pituitary is indicated by letter __________.
46) _____________
Fill in the blank or provide a short answer:
47) A hormone called __________ plays an important role in incubating a special group of white blood cells.
47) _____________
48) The __________ cells of the testes produce testosterone. 48) _____________
49) A hormone called __________ is believed to play an important role in establishing the bodyʹs day-night cycle.
49) _____________
50) Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates the cortex portion of the __________ gland. 50) _____________
Figure 9.1
Using Figure 9.1, identify the following:
51) The pineal gland is indicated by letter __________. 51) _____________
Fill in the blank or provide a short answer:
52) Calcitonin is made by the __________ of the thyroid gland. 52) _____________
Figure 9.1
Using Figure 9.1, identify the following:
53) The glands that produce steroids and catecholamines are indicated by letter __________. 53) _____________
Fill in the blank or provide a short answer:
54) Cortisone and cortisol and types of __________ produced by the middle cortical layer of the adrenal gland.
54) _____________
Figure 9.1
Using Figure 9.1, identify the following:
55) The gland that is primarily responsible for body metabolism is indicated by letter __________.
55) _____________
56) The pancreas is indicated by letter __________. 56) _____________
57) The gland that is the major producer of female hormones is indicated by letter __________.
57) _____________
58) The parathyroid glands are indicated by letter __________. 58) _____________
Fill in the blank or provide a short answer:
59) Another name for antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is __________. 59) _____________
60) Another name for epinephrine is __________. 60) _____________
61) Hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood results in __________. 61) _____________
62) Mineralocorticoids regulate the concentration of __________ and __________ ions in our blood.
62) _____________
63) An enlargement of the thyroid gland is called a __________. 63) _____________
64) Insulin and glucagon are both hormones that are produced by __________. 64) _____________
Figure 9.1
Using Figure 9.1, identify the following:
65) The thymus gland is indicated by letter __________. 65) _____________
66) The gland that produces melatonin is indicated by letter __________. 66) _____________
67) The gland that produces insulin and glucagon is indicated by letter __________. 67) _____________
Fill in the blank or provide a short answer:
68) The enzyme produced by the kidneys when blood pressure drops, which causes the release of aldosterone, is called __________.
68) _____________
69) Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids, often caused by a tumor, results in __________. 69) _____________
70) Home pregnancy tests check for a hormone in the femaleʹs urine called __________. 70) _____________
71) Generalized hyposecretion of all adrenal cortex hormones leads to __________. 71) _____________
72) Glucagon acts as an antagonist to a hormone called __________. 72) _____________
73) The posterior pituitary gland releases two hormones called __________ and __________. 73) _____________
Figure 9.1
Using Figure 9.1, identify the following:
74) The gland that produces thymosin is indicated by letter __________. 74) _____________
Fill in the blank or provide a short answer:
75) Male sex hormones produced by the adrenal cortex are called __________. 75) _____________
76) Anteriorly protruding eyes associated with hyperthyroidism is called __________. 76) _____________
Figure 9.1
Using Figure 9.1, identify the following:
77) The gland that produces testosterone is indicated by letter __________. 77) _____________
78) The gland that has both glandular and nervous tissue associated with it is indicated by letter __________.
78) _____________
79) The glands that act as antagonists to the thyroid gland are indicated by letter __________.
79) _____________
Fill in the blank or provide a short answer:
80) Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia are indicative of a disease called __________. 80) _____________
TRUE/FALSE. Write ʹTʹ if the statement is true and ʹFʹ if the statement is false.
81) Releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus travel to the anterior pituitary through the blood of the portal circulation.
81) ______
82) Neurosecretory cells transport oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone to the anterior pituitary gland for storage.
82) ______
83) The glucocorticoids help the body handle long-term stress primarily by increasing blood glucose levels.
83) ______
84) The endocrine system is generally faster than the nervous system in coordinating the activities of body cells.
84) ______
85) The posterior pituitary gland stores the hormones it releases, but does not manufacture them. 85) ______
86) Melatonin production peaks during the night to help regulate the bodyʹs day-night cycle. 86) ______
87) Most hormones are regulated by negative feedback mechanisms. 87) ______
88) Glucocorticoids, glucagon, and epinephrine are hyperglycemic hormones. 88) ______
89) Both male and female sex hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex throughout life in relatively small amounts.
89) ______
90) The adrenal glands are similar to the pituitary gland in that they have both glandular and neural tissue.
90) ______
91) Alcohol can suppress the production of antidiuretic hormone. 91) ______
92) The adrenal medulla and posterior pituitary are both composed of nervous tissue. 92) ______
93) Parathyroid hormone is the most important regulator of blood calcium concentration. 93) ______
94) Vasopressin is another name for antidiuretic hormone. 94) ______
95) The thymus gland is located in the neck wrapped around the trachea. 95) ______
96) The pituitary gland is found in the brain closely associated with the hypothalamus. 96) ______
97) Myxedema is the result of hyperthyroidism. 97) ______
98) The target issue of prolactin is the female breast. 98) ______
99) Diabetes insipidus is caused by hyposecretion of insulin. 99) ______
100) Calcitonin is a hormone antagonistic to parathormone in the regulation of blood calcium concentration.
100) _____
101) Thyroid hormone is actually two iodine-containing hormones called T3 and T4. 101) _____
102) Hyposecretion of thyroxine in children can result in cretinism. 102) _____
103) Hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood leads to pituitary dwarfism. 103) _____
104) Adrenaline is also known as epinephrine. 104) _____
105) Hypersecretion of the sex hormones may lead to masculinization in both men and women. 105) _____
106) Hyposecretion of FSH or LH leads to sterility in both males and females. 106) _____
107) The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions. 107) _____
108) Mineralocorticoids help regulate both water and electrolyte balance in body fluids. 108) _____
109) Exocrine glands are considered ductless glands because they release their hormones into the blood or lymph.
109) _____
110) The pancreas produces both glucagon and glucocorticoids. 110) _____
111) The adrenal cortex is made up of neural tissue. 111) _____
112) The placenta is a temporary organ formed in the uterus of pregnant women. 112) _____
MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.
Match the following hormones with their endocrine gland:
113) Parathormone A) anterior pituitary 113) _____
114) Thymosin B) thymus 114) _____
115) Aldosterone C) testes 115) _____
116) Follicle-stimulating hormone D) parathyroids 116) _____
E)
thyroid
F) adrenal medulla
G) adrenal cortex
Match the following actions with the appropriate hormone:
117) Reduces blood glucose levels A) glucagon 117) _____
B)
insulin Match the following hormones with their endocrine gland:
118) Thyroxine A) posterior pituitary 118) _____
119) Human chorionic gonadotropin B) thymus 119) _____
120) Oxytocin C) alpha cells of pancreatic islets 120) _____
121) Thyroid-stimulating hormone D) placenta 121) _____
122) Glucagon E) pancreatic islets 122) _____
123) Growth hormone F) thyroid 123) _____
124) Glucocorticoids G) adrenal cortex 124) _____
125) Adrenocorticotropic hormone H) anterior pituitary 125) _____
I)
uterus
J) parathyroids
Match the following actions with the appropriate hormone:
126) Promotes water retention by the kidneys
A) epinephrine 126) _____
B) antidiuretic hormone
Match the following hormones with their endocrine gland:
127) Melatonin A) thymus 127) _____
128) Insulin B) adrenal medulla 128) _____
129) Catecholamines C) pineal 129) _____
130) Luteinizing hormone D) adrenal cortex 130) _____
E)
beta cells of pancreatic islets
F) corpus luteum
G) anterior pituitary
Match the following actions with the appropriate hormone:
131) Promotes growth of uterine lining A) progesterone 131) _____
B)
thyroid hormone
132) Raises blood calcium levels A) glucocorticoids 132) _____
B)
parathyroid hormone
Match the following hormones with their endocrine gland:
133) Antidiuretic hormone A) posterior pituitary 133) _____
B)
adrenal cortex
Match the following actions with the appropriate hormone:
134) Stimulates growth of bone and muscles
A) growth hormone 134) _____
B) estrogen
Match the following hormones with their endocrine gland:
135) Cortisone A) adrenal cortex 135) _____
B)
adrenal medulla
Match the following actions with the appropriate hormone:
136) Stimulates contraction of the uterus A) thymosin 136) _____
137) Programs T lymphocytes B) oxytocin 137) _____
Match the following hormones with their endocrine gland:
138) Calcitonin A) thyroid 138) _____
B)
parathyroids
Match the following actions with the appropriate hormone:
139) Stimulates milk production A) prolactin 139) _____
B)
calcitonin
Match the following hormones with their endocrine gland:
140) Prolactin A) anterior pituitary 140) _____
B)
ovaries
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
141) Explain the negative feedback interaction between calcitonin and parathormone.
142) Explain the causes and effects of menopause.
143) Explain how insulin and glucagon work as antagonists to one another.
144) Explain the pituitary-hypothalamus relationship.
145) Describe the three types of stimuli that activate the endocrine organs.
146) Jamie is dehydrated from playing a rough game of football on a hot summer afternoon. Explain why beer is not a good choice of beverage considering what you know about antidiuretic hormone.
147) Four-year-old Tim is extremely small for his age, and he shows signs of mental retardation. His hair is
thinning and his skin is
dry. His parents have read about cretinism and pituitary dwarfism as possible diagnoses for their son and have taken him to the pediatrician for tests to be run. Which diagnosis do you think is correct? Explain why.
148) Compare the effects of hypersecretion and hyposecretion of growth hormone on a child.
149) Explain the two major chemical classifications of hormones.
10) A 11) B 12) D 13) D 14) D 15) D 16) C 17) B 18) D 19) B 20) A 21) E 22) C 23) E 24) C 25) B 26) D 27) C 28) A 29) D 30) C 31) C 32) C 33) C 34) B 35) A 36) E 37) B 38) B 39) E 40) E 41) B 42) C 43) B 44) C 45) B 46) B
47) thymosin 48) interstitial 49) melatonin 50) adrenal 51) A
52) parafollicular cells 53) G
54) glucocorticoids 55) D
56) H 57) I 58) E
59) vasopressin 60) adrenaline 61) gigantism
62) sodium; potassium 63) goiter
64) pancreatic islet cells 65) F
66) A 67) H 68) renin
69) Cushingʹs syndrome
70) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) 71) Addisonʹs disease
72) insulin
73) oxytocin; antidiuretic hormone 74) F
75) androgens 76) exophthalmos 77) J
78) C 79) E
80) diabetes mellitus 81) TRUE
82) FALSE