2.2 Clasificación de categorías
2.2.1 Categorías deductivas.
Social risk groups are lone parent respondents, respondents with a disability (or respondents who live with someone with a disability), and adults aged over 65. In order to compare these groups to a meaningful reference, we include working age adults none of whom are lone parents nor have a disability. The distribution of the groups is listed across countries in Figure 2.1.
Figure 2.1: Share of population in social risk groups, across countries and welfare states (per cent) EU-SILC 2016
Source: EU-SILC 2016. Authors’ Calculations.
Note – whole sample, individual level data.
In every country, working age adults and their children (the reference group) are the largest group. A steady share of individuals in each country are older (over 65). Country differences emerge in the share of lone parents and individuals with a disability.
Social Democratic states appear to have fewer respondents living with someone with a disability (Sweden 5 per cent, Denmark 12 per cent) and few lone parents (Finland 4 per cent, Sweden 6 per cent). Corporatist states have a similar portion of lone parents (Austria 4 per cent, Belgium 6 per cent) but a higher portion of respondents with disabilities, relative to Social Democratic states (Austria 23 per cent, Belgium, 15 per cent). Liberal states have the highest share of lone parents and their children
7 4 6 4 6 7 8 8 3 5 2 12 13 5 23 15 15 12 15 10 13 11 63 64 70 55 60 60 68 61 65 65 66 18 19 19 17 18 18 12 17 22 18 20 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 DK FI SE AT BE FR IRL UK IT ES EL
Soc Democ. Corporatist Liberal Southern Lone parents Adults or children with a disability Other working age adults (Ref) Other adults over 65
(8 per cent), although these individuals are a small group in the sample. A significant share of respondents in Liberal states report a disability, but a relatively smaller number of them are over 65. Overall, this suggests that Liberal states (especially Ireland) tend to have younger populations, when compared to other welfare regimes. Ireland (8 per cent) has a similar rate of lone parents than the UK, and a slightly lower rate of respondents in households with a disability (12 per cent) than the UK (15 per cent). Southern states have few lone parents, and few individuals living in households with a disability. However, Southern states have the largest share of older adults, suggesting an ageing population in these countries.
Households with children follow a different distribution to the one discussed above. We turn our attention to these respondents. For clarity, we drop respondents aged over 65, since very few of these respondents have children under 12. Figure 2.2 describes the resulting distribution.
Figure 2.2: Distribution of population with children under twelve by social risk, across countries and welfare states (per cent) EU-SILC 2016
Source: EU-SILC 2016. Authors’ Calculations
Note: Only includes households with children, individual level data.
The overall distribution is largely unchanged. Across regimes, the majority of those in households with children under 12 live with working age adults (other than lone parents or those with a disability). The percentage in lone-parent households is roughly similar to the previous distribution, standing at about 10 per cent in each country, although differences exist between countries. The percentage of individuals living in households with a disability varies widely across countries, with Sweden (3 per cent) having a low proportion and Austria (24 per cent) having a high proportion. In Ireland 11 per cent of individuals in households with a child under 12 also live with someone who has a disability (or they themselves have a disability).
Regarding lone parents, Liberal states have high instances of lone parents, where Ireland stands at 13 per cent and the UK at 16 per cent. Lone parents are least
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Soc Democ. Corporatist Liberal Southern Lone parent and children Adult with disability and children Other adults with children
common in Southern states, particularly in Greece (5 per cent). Social Democratic and Corporatist states sit between these two clusters, although Denmark (12 per cent) France (13 per cent) and Belgium (14 per cent) have comparable shares of lone parent households to the Liberal states.
Regarding individuals with a disability (or those living with someone who has a disability), Corporatist states have the highest share of such persons. Social
Democratic states have few of these respondents, with Sweden reporting just 3 per cent of people in households with children listing a disability (or living with someone who has a disability). Liberal states report a lower rate of households with a disability as well having at least one child under the age of 12. Ireland (11 per cent) and the UK (13 per cent) have comparable rates to Social Democratic Denmark (10 per cent) and Finland (13 per cent).
We note two important features of Figure 2.2. First, there are wide differences
between welfare states in the distribution of the population who are at increased risk of poverty and social exclusion, in the sense of living in a lone-parent household or one where an adult has a disability. Social Democratic and Southern states have the lowest percentage of these groups while it is higher among the Liberal and
Corporatist states. In this way, the prevalence of risk differs across countries. Second, linked to the first point, the nature of “risk” differs across countries and welfare states. In Liberal states, the majority of individuals who are in these two vulnerable groups are lone parent households. In Corporatist and Southern states, they tend to be in households where a working-age adult has a disability.
Considering both points, limiting the risk of social exclusion requires different policy approaches across countries and welfare states.