5 VALORES AMBIENTALES
5.3 O CEANOGRAFÍA
At some point in the nineteenth or early twentieth century, a new xylograph print of Dags po 'i bka ' 'bum was produced at the renowned printery Sde dge par khang chos chen mo, belonging to the Sa skya monastery Lhun grub steng in Sde dge in eastern The printery had been established in 1 729 by the king of Sde dge, Bstan pa tshe ring, whereafter it became a major publishing center for Tibetan texts belonging to most of traditions of Tibetan Buddhism (KOLMAS, 1 97 1 .I: 1 0).499
The two-volume Sde dge xylograph of the Dags po 'i bka ' 'bum, which shall here referred to as DK.D, has been preserved in an older paper print obtained in Sde dge in June
496 This can, e.g., be seen in a sentence in the auto-commentary where he correlates his age (Tibetan age 64) with the tiger year of 1 566 (folio 89b5_6) : rang lo drug bcu re bzhi pa stag gi lo la.
497 In two earlier publications (KRAGH, 20 1 1 a: 1 62 and 20 1 3c :370 fn. 25), I have erroneously written that the xylograph was produced in 1 575, which needs to be corrected to 1 572. Although sentences in the auto-biography (lines 9 l a2 and 9 1 a3) that immediate precede the above-cited sentence mention first the bird year of 1 573 and then the dog year of 1 574, it is evident that the author's mentioned age of 69 must refer to 1 572 and not to 1 575 as might otherwise be expected from the preceding context.
498 It was at this time only possible to compare DK.B with the frontispiece of a single other xylograph published by Byams pa phun tshogs , namely his publication of Legs par bshad pa rin che 'i gter gyi 'grel pa, in the form of a photocopy of the cover page made available on a lecture handout by Franz-Karl EHRHARD at the meeting of the International Association for Tibetan Studies (IATS), Konigswinter, 2006.
499 For further details on the history of the printery, see the MA thesis by SCHEIER-DOLBERG (2005).
Chapter 4: The Man(fo/d Sayings of Dags po -B ackground and Transmis11ion 1 85
1922 by the French traveler and explorer Mrs. Alexandra DAVID-NEEL ( 1 868- 1 969) . The print was subsequently brought to Paris, where it is today kept at the Musee national des Arts asiatique Guimet.500 The folios measure 6x45,5 cm.
Another more recent reprint was produced in 1 987 from the Sde dge xylograph blocks and it seems that some slight revisions were introduced into the printing blocks when this reprint was made.501 The reprint has been obtained by the TBRC in the late 1 990s and is now kept at the TBRC where it has been digitized (TBRC W22393). The following description of the Sde dge xylograph is based on examination of a few sample pages from the 1 922 Paris print and the complete 1 987 reprint of DK.D.
The DK.D xylograph does not give a general title for the corpus, given that it starts directly on its first cover page with the title of text DK.D.Ka, but the short corpus title Dwags po 'i bka ' 'bum is written vertically in the left margins of all verso folios. The xylograph consists of two volumes, which respectively are labelled E and Vm?l. Each individual text has its own pagination. The cover pages of the individual texts have titles framed within a double rectangular box, being the standard design used in nearly all traditional woodblock print publications from the Sde dge printery.502
A list of contents of the DK.D xylograph made on the basis of the Paris print was pub
lished by SEYFORT RUEGG ( 1 962: 323-324) in his review article of Herbert V. GUENTHER'S English translation of The Jewel Ornament of Liberation ( 1 959).503 Volume E contains twenty four works (texts DK.D.Ka-DK.D.Ra), while volume Varyi contains thirteen works (DK.D.La-DK.D.Nyi). Hence, the xylograph includes 37 texts in total, following the over
all arrangement of the texts first made in DK.A. It is evident that DK.D is based directly on the 1 520 xylograph from Dags Iha sgam po monastery (DK.A). This is attested by the fact
500 The library accession numbers for the two volumes entitled Dvags po bka ' 'bum in the Musee Guimet are T054 1 and T0542. The Tibetan town Sde dge is spelled Dirgi on the French library catalog card for the text. I wish to thank reference librarian Dr. Francis MACOUIN at the Musee Guimet for his most kind and excellent service in providing me with photocopies of a few sample pages from the print. It should be noted, however, that the full 1 922 Paris print of DK.D has not been digitized and I did not manage to visit Paris and consult the whole print when writing this book.
501 A new printing colophon was inserted at the end of text Ga (DK.D.Ga.2.50b). The colophon mentions that the print was made at the Sde dge printing house (sde dge par khang chos mdwd chen mo bkra shis sgo mang) in the Fire Hare year of the seventeenth Rab byung cycle (rah byung bcu bdun pa me yos pa 'i lo), which corresponds to 1 987. The colophon also mentions that the 1 987 reprint was supervised by Karma Byang chub shes rab. Without further detailed comparison with the 1922 Paris print of the Sde dge xy lograph, it remains uncertain whether any other changes have been introduced into the new 1 987 reprint.
502 See the cover pages of all the texts of DK.D reprinted in facsimile in the Sde dge printing house catalog by KOLMAS ( 1 97 1 .1:262-269). The order of the two volumes has been reversed in KOLMAS' publication, as also noted by the author (op.cit. : 1 1 ) .
503 A t the time when SEYFORT RUEGG wrote the article, the Paris print o f DK.D was kept at the Ecole Frarn,:ais d'Extreme Orient (SEYFORT RUEGG, 1 962: 323 fn. 6), but it has since been moved to the Musee Guimet as noted above.
1 86 Chapter 4: The Manifold Sayings of Dags po -B ackground and Transmission
that DK.D reproduces some of the short printing colophons found in DK.A, which were not included in the Mang yul gung thang xylograph of 1 572 (DK.B). Short printing colophons
stemming from DK.A are reproduced in texts DK.D.Ca. 2 1 .50a2, DK.D.'a. 14. l l b4_5, DK.D.Ra. l l . 1 2as, and DK.D.La .5. l l b5.
In spite of being based on DK.A, there are four texts in regard to which DK.D deviates from DK.A, namely in comparison to DK.A.Ga, DK.A.Pa, DK.A. *Ji, and DK.A.*Nyi.
Firstly, the Sgam po pa hagiography found in DK.A.Ga is the adapted version of the Large Hagiography made by Sgam po B sod nam lhun grub, the Kun khyab snyan pa 'i dan thar pa rin po che 'i rgyan gyi mchog. In DK.D.Ga, however, this hagiography has been replaced with the second Zhwa dmar pa Mkha' spyod dbang po's original version, the Kun khyab snyan pa 'i ba dan. In the 1 987 reprint of DK.D, the hagiography by Zhwa dmar has been furnished with a longer colophon (DK.D.Ga.2.56bs-57as) arguing for why the printers of the Sde dge xylograph chose to include this hagiography instead of the hagio
graphy by Sgam po B sod nams lhun grub found in DK.A. However, given that text DK.D.Ga is missing from the 1 922 Paris print (SEYFORT RUEGG, 1 962:323
fn.
6), it is uncertain whether this part of the DK.D.Ga colophon belonged to the original xylograph or whether it was only added at the time of the reprint in 1 987 along with the later part of that text's colophon (DK.D.Ga.2.57a6-57b6) , which was explicitly added in1 987.
Secondly, DK.A.Pa is a Tantric instruction text on the Six Doctrines of Nampa entitled Chas rje dags po lha rje 'i gsung/ Khrid chos mu tig tsar la brgyus pa. This work has been entirely left out in DK.D without any stated reason. Consequently, there is no text DK.D.Pa, so text DK.D.Na is followed directly by DK.D.Pha.504
Thirdly and fourthly, the two eulogies found in DK.A. *Ji and DK.A. *Nyi composed Phag mo grub pa and Sgam po Bkra shis rnam rgyal are omitted in DK.D. The alphabetical labels 'Ji' and 'Nyi' have instead been applied in DK.D respectively to the texts Chas dags po lha rje 'i gsung/ bstan bcos lung gi nyi 'od (DK.D.Ji = DK.A.ValTl) and Dam chos yid bzhin nor bu thar pa rin po che 'i rgyan (Dags po thar rgyan) (DK.D.Nyi = DK.A.E) that order, which means that the two texts in DK.D appear in the reverse order of where the Bstan chos lung gi nyi 'od (text DK.A.Va1T1) follows after the Dags po thar rgyan (DK.A.E).
504 The omission is attested by the modern TBRC print of DK.D (TBRC W22393-I0 1JW305), where the Western pagination continues directly from page 000556 to 000557 between texts DK.D.Na and DK.D.Pha. The omission is also attested by the older Paris print of DK.D found in the Musee Guimet as shown in SEYFORT RUEGG's list of its contents (SEYFORT RUEGG, 1 962:323).
should be noted that SEYFORT RUEGG incorrectly labels text DK.D.Pha with the alphabetical label Pa and instead has no alphabetical label Pha in his list (cf. his fn. 6). This error can be accounted by the fact that it is rather difficult to see the additional stroke in the Pha letter in the printed text on most pages, but it is there if one looks carefully. In comparison to the text order of DK.A and its later apographs, it is evident that the label in DK.D should be Pha and not Pa.
Chapter 4: The Manifold Sayings of Dags po -B ackground and Transmis�ion 1 87
Furthermore, DK.D introduces a new set of decorative line drawings that differs from the illustrations found in DK.A and DK.B. The first set of new line drawings are found in volume E as follows: Vajradhara (DK.D.Ka. 1 . 1 b left) and Naropa (DK.D.Ka. l .
I
b right), Maitripa (DK.D.Ka. l .2b left) and Mar pa (DK.D.Ka. 1 .2b right), and Sgam po pa B sod nams rin chen (DK.D.Ga. 1 . 1 b center). These drawings are attested in the 1 922 Paris print and as well as in the modern 1 987 reprint of DK.D.505 A second set of line drawings are found in the final text of volume VmJi, the Dags po thar rgyan, as follows : Mi la ras pa (DK.D.Nyi. 1 . 1 b left), Sgam po pa B sod nams rin chen (DK.D.Nyi. 1 . 1 b right), the ninth Si tu pa Padma nyin byed dbang po ( 1 774- 1 853) (DK.D.Nyi. l .2b left), and 'Jam mgon Kong sprul B lo gros mtha' yas ( 1 8 1 3- 1 899) (DK.D.Nyi. l .2b left). At the present stage of research, the latter set of drawings in text DK.D.Nyi has been attested in the 1 987 reprint of the xylograph, but it has not been possible to verify whether the same drawings are also found in the 1 922 Paris print. If the drawing of Blo gros mtha' yas is found in the old Paris print, it would suggest that the Sde dge xylograph either was produced in the late nineteenth century after Blo gros mtha' yas had become a famous Buddhist master in his own right or, perhaps more likely, after his death in 1 899 forming a terminus post quem for the production of the xylograph, yet before Alexandra David-Neel obtained her copy in 1 922, thus forming a terminus ante quem.