Capítulo 2 Experiencias Internacionales
2.2 CLUSTERS EN FASE II.
2.2.1 Centroamérica: el cluster textil de la maquila 79
In chapter 4, the nutritional needs of elderly people are reviewed and the effect on future protein demand is discussed. The elderly population in our society is in the most vulnerable condition and they need special attention in terms of good medical service and the right quality of food. Considering the fact that the proportion of population aged 60 or over will be 22% in 2050 compared to 11% in 2009 (figure 5.1), the nutritional requirement of the elderly population is of great importance. As population in the world continues to age, diagnosing, treating, and preventing age-related diseases will be progressively more important to the health and well-being of modem societies.
Figure 5.1 Forecast percentage of the different age groups at the world level, 2015 – 2050 (UN, 2011)
As discussed and documented in chapter 4, the need for protein and more specifically the essential amino acid leucine in the diet of the elderly population is of great importance. The current established RDA of protein does not take into account the changes which occur with age, such as reduced muscle mass,
13.65 14.91 16.20 17.70 19.06 19.91 20.72 21.45 25.74 25.56 25.53 25.27 25.07 25.20 25.63 26.22 60.61 59.53 58.27 57.03 55.88 54.89 53.65 52.32 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055 Pe rc e n ta ge 60 + 0 - 14 15 - 59
Chapter 5
104 increased fat mass, changes in food intake, physical activity and more frequent illness. Increasing the RDA from 0.8 to 1.0 to 1.2 g/kg per day would maintain normal calcium metabolism and nitrogen balance without affecting renal function. According to the FAO recommendation, an adult person (also an aged person, 60 + years old) needs 39 mg of leucine per kg body weight per day. In this study, out of the 40 identified countries having inadequate protein intake, only 2 countries were estimated to receive lower leucine in their diet. These two countries were DR Congo and Liberia (table 2.6). It can be concluded here, considering the fact that recommended amount of leucine in terms of mg/kg body weight/day is higher than lysine (39 mg and 30 mg respectively), that present food habits in most of the countries were well balanced to provide the required amount of leucine to its people, even if the per day protein intake was as lower as 37.41 g. (as in case of Mozambique). In figure 5.2, the graph of total leucine requirement till year 2050 is shown according to the different age groups. In year 2050 leucine requirement for elderly population will be increased 2.4 times more than the requirement of 2015, and in this time frame it will be 1.55 and 1.31 times more than the requirement of 2015 for 0-14 years age group and 15-59 years age group respectively.
Figure 5.2 Forecast leucine requirements ( tonnes) according to the different age groups at the world level, year 2015 – 2050 (WHO, 2007, UN, 2011)
2776 3223 3712 4298 4910 5443 6023 6644 3623 3824 4050 4249 4472 4770 5158 5623 12321 12864 13350 13851 14396 15010 15593 16206 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 To ta l L euc in e r equi re me nt (t onnes ) 60 + 0 - 14 15 - 59
Chapter 5
105 Ageing, globalization and urbanization all create new challenges to be faced in the present world to feed each person a good nutritional amount of food daily. Food has become more affordable in recent years as a result of increase in yield per hectare of agricultural land. However, in the next 40 years 70% more food is required for the global population. The increasing population of elderly group also needs additional amount of protein, considering that the current recommended RDA of protein needs to be increased up to 1.0 to 1.2 g/kg per day for them. One of the options to increase food supply and to decrease the environmental pressure of current food production system is to minimise the waste. It is also important to plan an integrated approach about agricultural innovation and population health which will help us to prepare a matrix to supply the nutritional quality of food to the future world (Godfray et al., 2010).
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