Climatología, hidrografía e hidrología general del área y microcuencas

2.5.1 American Society for Quality (ASQ)

ASQ, formed in the 1960s, is a global community of people dedicated to qual- ity who share the ideas and tools that make our world work better. ASQ pro- vides the global quality community with training, professional certifications, and knowledge to a network of members [25]. This organization is closely tied in with Six Sigma philosophies and offers several well- recognized quality- related certifications for individuals including [26]:

• Certified Quality Inspector (CQI): The certified quality inspector is an inspector who, in support of and under the direction of quality engi- neers, supervisors, or technicians, can use the proven techniques

24 Lean Six Sigma for Engineers and Managers: With Applied Case Studies

included in the body of knowledge. Under professional direction, the quality inspector evaluates hardware documentation, performs laboratory procedures, inspects products, measures process perfor- mance, records data, and prepares formal reports.

• Certified Quality Technician (CQT): The certified quality technician is a paraprofessional who, in support of and under the direction of quality engineers or supervisors, analyzes and solves quality prob- lems, prepares inspection plans and instructions, selects sampling plan applications, prepares procedures, trains inspectors, performs audits, analyzes quality costs and other quality data, and applies fundamental statistical methods for process control.

• Certified Reliability Engineer (CRE): The certified reliability engineer is a professional who understands the principles of performance evaluation and prediction to improve product/ systems safety, reli- ability, and maintainability. This body of knowledge (BOK) and applied technologies include, but are not limited to, design review and control; prediction, estimation, and apportionment methodol- ogy; failure mode effects and analysis; the planning, operation, and analysis of reliability testing and field failures, including mathemat- ical modeling; understanding human factors in reliability; and the ability to develop and administer reliability information systems for failure analysis, design and performance improvement, and reliabil- ity program management over the entire product life cycle.

• Certified Manager of Quality/ Organizational Excellence (CMQ/ OE): The certified manager of quality/ organizational excellence is a professional who leads and champions process- improvement initiatives—every- where from small businesses to multinational corporations—that can have regional or global focus in a variety of service and industrial set- tings. A certified manager of quality/ organizational excellence facili- tates and leads team efforts to establish and monitor customer/ supplier relations, support strategic planning and deployment initiatives, and help develop measurement systems to determine organizational improvement. The certified manager of quality/ organizational excel- lence should be able to motivate and evaluate staff, manage projects and human resources, analyze financial situations, determine and evaluate risk, and employ knowledge management tools and tech- niques in resolving organizational challenges.

• Certified HACCP Auditor (CHA): The certified hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) auditor is a professional who under- stands the standards and principles of auditing a HACCP- based (or process- safety) system. A HACCP auditor uses various tools and techniques to examine, question, evaluate, and report on that sys- tem’s adequacy and deficiencies. The HACCP auditor analyzes all

25 History and Fundamentals

elements of the system and reports on how well it adheres to the criteria for management and control of process safety.

• Certified Biomedical Auditor (CBA): The certified biomedical auditor is a professional who understands the principles of standards, regula- tions, directives, and guidance for auditing a biomedical system while using various tools and techniques to examine, question, evaluate, and report on that system’s adequacy and deficiencies. A biomedical auditor analyzes all elements of the system and reports on how well it adheres to the criteria for management and control of process safety. • Certified Six Sigma Black Belt (CSSBB): The certified Six Sigma black

belt is a professional who can explain Six Sigma philosophies and principles, including supporting systems and tools. A black belt should demonstrate team leader ship, understand team dynamics, and assign team member roles and responsibilities. Black belts have a thorough understanding of all aspects of the DMAIC model in accordance with Six Sigma principles. They have basic knowledge of Lean enterprise concepts, are able to identify non- value- added ele- ments and activities, and are able to use specific tools.

• Certified Pharmaceutical GMP Professional (CPGP): The certified Pharmaceutical Goods and Manufacturing Processes (GMP) profes- sional understands the GMP principles as regulated and guided by national and international agencies for the pharmaceutical indus- try. This covers finished human and veterinary drugs and biolog- ics, ectoparasitacides, and dietary supplements (alternatively called nutraceuticals) where regulated as drug products, as well as their component raw materials (includes active pharmaceutical ingredi- ents [APIs] and excipients), and packaging and labeling operations. • Certified Software Quality Engineer (CSQE): The certified software

quality engineer understands software quality development and implementation; software inspection, testing, verification, and vali- dation; and implements software development and maintenance processes and methods.

• Certified Quality Auditor (CQA): The certified quality auditor is a pro- fessional who understands the standards and principles of auditing and the auditing techniques of examining, questioning, evaluat- ing, and reporting to determine a quality system’s adequacy and deficiencies. The certified quality auditor analyzes all elements of a quality system and judges its degree of adherence to the criteria of industrial management and quality evaluation and control systems. • Certified Quality Engineer (CQE): The certified quality engineer is a

professional who understands the principles of product and ser- vice quality evaluation and control. This body of knowledge and applied technologies include, but are not limited to, development

26 Lean Six Sigma for Engineers and Managers: With Applied Case Studies

and operation of quality control systems, application and analysis of testing and inspection procedures, the ability to use metrology and statistical methods to diagnose and correct improper quality control practices, an understanding of human factors and motivation, facil- ity with quality cost concepts and techniques, and the knowledge and ability to develop and administer management information sys- tems and to audit quality systems for deficiency identification and correction.

• Certified Quality Improvement Associate (CQIA): The certified qual- ity improvement associate has a basic knowledge of quality tools and their uses and is involved in quality improvement projects, but doesn’t necessarily come from a traditional quality area.

• Certified Calibration Technician (CCT): The certified calibration techni- cian tests, calibrates, maintains and repairs electrical, mechanical, electromechanical, analytical, and electronic measuring, record- ing, and indicating instruments and equipment for conformance to established standards.

• Certified Quality Process Analyst (CQPA): The certified quality process analyst is a paraprofessional who, in support of and under the direc- tion of quality engineers or supervisors, analyzes and solves quality problems and is involved in quality improvement projects. A certi- fied quality process analyst may be a recent graduate or someone with work experience who wants to demonstrate his or her knowl- edge of quality tools and processes.

• Certified Six Sigma Green Belt (CSSGB): The Six Sigma green belt oper- ates in support of or under the supervision of a Six Sigma black belt, analyzes and solves quality problems, and is involved in quality improvement projects. A green belt is someone with at least three years of work experience who wants to demonstrate his or her knowledge of Six Sigma tools and processes.

• Certified Master Black Belt (MBB): The ASQ master black belt (MBB) certification is a mark of career excellence and aimed at individuals who possess exceptional expertise and knowledge of current indus- try practice. Master black belts have outstanding leader ship ability, are innovative, and demonstrate a strong commitment to the prac- tice and advancement of quality and improvement. Obtaining an ASQ MBB is acceptance and recognition from your peers.

2.5.2 Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME)

Founded in 1932 as a nonprofit, the aim of SME is to connect all those who are passionate about making things that improve the world; the vision of SME is to enhance progress, prosperity, and strong communities through

27 History and Fundamentals

manufacturing [27]. SME is closely aligned with Lean manufacturing con- cepts and offers one Lean manufacturing certification [28]:

• Lean Certification: The Lean certification program comprises three levels—Bronze, Silver, and Gold—to represent the growing achieve- ment by Lean practitioners. Individuals begin their journey by earn- ing the Lean Bronze Certification (LBC), focusing on the tactical level. As their careers progress, candidates build upon their professional knowledge and skill set while advancing to the Silver (integrative) and Gold (strategic) certification levels.

2.5.3 Institute of Industrial Engineers (IIE)

The IIE was founded in 1948 and is an international nonprofit association that provides leader ship for the application, education, training, research, and development of industrial engineering; including Lean and Six Sigma concepts [29]. The IIE offers several Lean and Six Sigma certificates for individuals [30]:

• Engineering Management Certificate Program: This program provides an individual with the basic management skills necessary for lead- ing teams, departments, and organizations.

• Healthcare Management Engineering Certificate Program: This series of seminars provides an individual with the basics of the indus- trial engineering toolbox as applied to healthcare and provides an introduction to the fundamental management skills required in this industry.

• Industrial Engineering Professional Skills Certificate Program: This series of seminars presents the basics of the industrial engineering toolbox and introduces an individual to the fundamental management skills needed to take on demanding tasks in the industry.

• Lean Enterprise Certificate Program: This series of seminars is for indi- viduals new to Lean who need to understand and apply the basic tools for Lean transformation. Courses will assist individuals in all types of businesses, including service, manufacturing, healthcare, government, finance, and education.

• Six Sigma Certificate Program: The IIE Six Sigma certificate program requires the completion of a total of 19 days of training delivered in three seminars. Completion of the certificate program will earn an individual both green belt and black belt certificates as well as the Six Sigma certificate.

• Lean Six Sigma Certificate Program: The IIE Lean Six Sigma certificate program requires the completion of a total of 25  days of training

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delivered in two seminars. Completion of the certificate program will earn an individual both Lean Six Sigma green belt and Lean Six Sigma black belt certificates as well as the Lean Six Sigma certificate. This program is offered for both general business and healthcare applications.

• Enterprise Risk Manager Certificate: This certificate program is based on and addresses the new families of ISO, ANSI, and NIST stan- dards dealing with risk management and responds to new federal regulatory requirements dealing with public safety.