Componente de Asentamientos Humanos

FIVE

GRASPING A TEXT

INTERPLAY BETWEEN TEXT AND HEADER

TEXTUAL MODELS designate only one aspect of the commu-nicatory process. Hence textual repertoires and strategies simply offer a frame within which the reader must construct for himself the aesthetic object. Textual structures and structured acts of comprehension are therefore the two poles in the act of communication, whose success will depend on the degree in which the text establishes itself as a correlative in the reader's consciousness. This 'transfer' of text to reader is often regarded as being brought about solely by the text. Any successful transfer however—though initiated by the text—

depends on the extent to which this text can activate the individual reader's faculties of perceiving and processing. Although the text may well incorporate the social norms and values of its possible readers, its function is not merely to present such data, but, in fact, to use them in order to secure its uptake. In other words, it offers guidance as to what is to be produced, and therefore cannot itself be the product. This fact is worth emphasizing, because there are many current theories which give the impression that texts automatically imprint themselves on the reader's mind of their own accord. This applies not only to linguistic theories but also to Marxist theories, as evinced by the term "Rezeptionsvorgabe"1

(structured pre-figurement) recently coined by East German critics. Of course, the text is a 'structured prefigurement', but that which is given has to be received, and the way in which it is received depends as much on the reader as on die text. Reading is not a direct 'internalization', because it is not a one- way process, and our concern will be to find means of describing the reading process as a dynamic

interaction between text and reader. We may take as a starting-point the fact that the linguistic signs

and struc-

'Sec Manfred Naumann et al., Cesellschaft—Literatiir—Loscn. Literaturrezeption in tltcorctiscltcr Sicht (Berlin and Weimar, 1973), p. 35.

108 Phenomenology of Reading

tures of the text exhaust their function in triggering developing acts of comprehension. This is tantamount to saying that these acts, though set in motion by the text, defy total control by the text itself, and, indeed, it is the very lack of control that forms the basis of the creative side of

reading.

This concept of reading is by no means new. In the eighteenth century, Laurence Sterne was already writing in Tristram Slwnchj: ". . . no author, who understands the just boundaries of decorum and good-breeding, would presume to think all: The truest respect which you can pay to the reader's understanding, is to halve this matter amicably, and leave him something to imagine, in his turn, as well as yourself. For my own part, I am eternally paying him compliments of this kind, and do all that lies in my power to keep his imagination as busy as my own."2 _{Thus author and reader are to share the}

game of the imagination, and, indeed, the game will not work if the text sets out to be anything more than a set of governing rules. The reader's enjoyment begins when he himself becomes productive, i.e., when the text allows him to bring his own faculties into play. There are, of course, limits to the reader's willingness to participate, and these will be exceeded if the text makes things too clear or, on the other hand, too obscure: boredom and overstrain represent the two poles of tolerance, and in either case the reader is likely to opt out of

the game.

Sterne's thoughts on reader participation are echoed some two hundred years later by Sartre—whom one would otherwise scarcely consider to be a kindred spirit of the eighteenth-century English humorist. He calls the relationship a "pact"3 _{and goes on: "When a work is produced, the creative act}

is only an incomplete, abstract impulse; if the author existed all on his own, he could write as much as he liked, but his work would never see the light of day as an object, and he would have to lay down his pen or despair. The process of writing, however, includes as a dialectic correlative the process of reading, and these two interdependent acts require two differently active people. The combined efforts of author and reader bring into being the concrete and imaginary object which is the work of the mind. Art exists only for and through other people."4

THE WANDERING VIEWPOINT

In our attempts to describe the intersubjective structure of the process through which a text is transferred and translated, our first problem is the fact that the whole text can never be perceived at any one time. In this respect it differs from given objects, which can generally be viewed

2_{Lauronce Sterne, Tristram Shandy 11, 11 (Everyman's Library; London, 1950), p. :n <• i.,r,}

rr. \v,,< i,t IMrmhir? (rclc

65), trans), by Hans Gcorg Brenner

Grasping a Text 109

or at least conceived as a whole. The 'object' of the text can only be imagined by way of different consecutive phases of reading. We always stand outside the given object, whereas we are situated inside the literary text. The relation between text and reader is therefore quite different I from that between object and observer: instead of a subject-object relationship, there is a moving viewpoint

which travels along inside that which it has to apprehend. This mode of (grasping an object is unique to literature. \ x

A further complication consists in the fact that literary texts do not serve merely to denote empirically existing objects. Even though they may select objects from the empirical world—as we have seen in our discussion of the repertoire—they depragmatize them, for these objects are not to be denoted, but are to be transformed. Denotation presupposes some form of reference that will indicate the specific meaning of the thing denoted. The literary text, however, takes its selected objects out of their pragmatic context and so shatters their original frame of reference; the result is to reveal aspects (e.g., of social norms) which had remained hidden as long as the frame of reference remained intact. In this way, the reader is given no chance to detach himself, as he would have if the text were purely denotative. Instead of finding out whether the text gives an accurate or inaccurate description of the object, he has to build up the object for himself—often in a manner running counter to the familiar world evoked by the text.

The reader's wandering viewpoint is, at one and the same time, caught up in and transcended by the object it is to apprehend. Apperception can only take place in phases, each of which contains aspects of the object to be constituted, but none of which can claim to be representative of it. Thus the

aesthetic object cannot be identified with any of its manifestations during the time-flow of the reading. The incompleteness of each manifestation necessitates syntheses, which in turn bring about the trans- fer of the text to the reader's consciousness. The synthetizing process, however, is not sporadic—it continues throughout every phase of the journey of the wandering viewpoint.

It may help us to understand the nature of tliis synthetizing activity if we examine in detail one paradigmatic moment in the process of reading. We shall, for the present, restrict our analysis to the sentence perspective of the text, and here we may turn for support to the empirical findings of psycholinguistics. What is known as the "eye-voice span,"6

:_{Sce I. M. Schlesinger, Sentence Structure and l\\e Reading Process (The Hague, STxS), pp. 27ff. The similarity between and} indeed congruence of the "eye-voice span" iml the span of short-term memory has been demonstrated with psycholingniitir e»-[> riments by Frank Smith, Understanding Reading. A riyr/m/inpiratir A fW/iiifi ,ind Learning to Read ( New York, 1971), pp. 196-3)0. M» txvi j&ra '"'f^'rlant observations on the part played by the "rye-voice sjwn"

no Phenomenology of Reading