COMPRENSION DE ORACIONES

Of the gilled members of the Resupinateae in Australia and New Zealand, the most common are Resupinatus cinerascens and Resupinatus violaceogriseus. Resupinatus cinerascens is the most commonly collected lamellate species of the Resupinateae

collected in Australia, while the same can be said for Resupinatus violaceogriseus in New Zealand. These species could be mistaken for each other but the fruit bodies of

Resupinatus violaceogriseus have a violet hue around the margin while those of

Resupinatus cinerascens do not. The spores of these two species are also different, with the spores of Resupinatus violaceogriseus being much narrower (Figure 4.2).

Resupinatus merulioides and Resupinatus vinosolividus have lamellate-merulioid fruit bodies, the latter with the characteristic reticulated lamellae when the fruit bodies are young, but as the fruit bodies grow outwards the reticulation only remains between the gills in the middle of the fruit body. Microscopically, these species are very different and can be distinguished by their differing spore shape and size. A sequence of Resupinatus vinosolividus was generated by J.A. Cooper confirms assignment to Resupinatus

(Cooper, 2012b), but it was not deposited in GenBank and so was unavailable for study. Two attempts were made during this study to sequence the collection of Resupinatus merulioides in PDD, but both attempts returned sequences of contaminants.

This study has confirmed the shortcomings of using only morphological characters to distinguish species: three morphologically identical, independently evolved, species historically would have all been referred to as Resupinatus applicatus sensu stricto. The these species are genetically distinct from any European collection of Resupinatus

applicatus sequenced thus far, and so are referred to here as Resupinatus applicatus 4 and 5 (when the substrate is not Eucalyptus or Pseudopanax) and Resupinatus subapplicatus (on either Eucalyptus or Pseudopanax). This further illustrates that morphology is not a good predictor of phylogeny, as all three species evolved independently (they constitute a polyphyletic group).

4.6

References

Binder, M., Hibbett, D.S., Larsson, K.H., Larsson, E. Langer, E. & Langer, G. (2005). The phylogenetic distribution of resupinate forms across major clades of mushroom-forming fungi (Homobasidiomycetes). Systematics Biodiversity 3: 113-157.

Bodensteiner, P., Binder, M., Moncalvo, J.-M., Agerer, R. & Hibbett, D.S. (2004). Phylogenetic relationships of cyphelloid homobasidiomycetes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33: 501-515.

Bougher, N.L. & Lebel, T. (2001). Sequestrate (truffle-like) fungi of Australia and New Zealand. Australian Systematic Botany 14(3): 439-484.

Castellano, M.A. & Bougher, N.L. (1994). Consideration of the taxonomy and biodiversity of Australian ectomycorrhizal fungi. Plant and Soil 159: 37-46. Cleland, J.B. (1918). Australian fungi: notes and descriptions No. 1. Transactions and

Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 42: 88-138.

Cleland, J.B. (1919a). Australian fungi: notes and descriptions No. 2. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 43: 11-22.

Cleland, J.B. (1919b). Australian fungi: notes and descriptions No. 3. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 43: 262-315.

Cleland, J.B. (1923). Australian fungi: notes and descriptions No. 4. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 47: 58-78.

Cleland, J.B. (1924). Australian fungi: notes and descriptions No. 5. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 48: 236-252.

Cleland, J.B. (1927). Australian fungi: notes and descriptions No. 6. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 51: 298-306.

Cleland, J.B. (1928). Australian fungi: notes and descriptions No. 7. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 53: 217-222.

Cleland, J.B. (1931). Australian fungi: notes and descriptions No. 8. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 55: 152-160.

Cooke, W.B. (1957). The Porotheleaceae: Porotheleum. Mycologia 49: 680-693. Cooke, W.B. (1961). The cyphellaceous fungi: a study in the Porotheleaceae. Beih.

Sydowia (ser. II) 4: 1-144.

Cooper, J.A. (2012a). Nomenclatural novelties: Jerry Cooper. Index Fungorum 3: 1. Cooper, J.A. (2012b). Resupinatus species in New Zealand. Mycological Notes 7: 1-7.

Available from: www.funnz.org.nz/sites/default/files/MycNotes7-Resupinatus.pdf Cunningham, G.H. (1953). Thelephoraceae of New Zealand Part 1: sub-family

Cyphelloideae. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 81: 165-188. Cunningham, G.H. (1963). The Thelephoraceae of Australia and New Zealand. Bulletin

Dingley, J.M. 2013. Cunningham, Gordon Herriot, from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 7-Jun-2013 URL: http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/biographies/4c47/cunningham-gordon- herriot, accessed 2 September, 2014.

Grgurinovic, C.A. (1997). Larger fungi of South Australia. Adelaide: Botanic Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium.

Hausner, G., Reid, J. & Klassen, G.R. (1993). On the subdivision of Ceratocystis s.l., based on partial ribosomal DNA sequences. Canadian Journal of Botany 71: 52- 63.

Hibbett, D.S. & Binder, M. (2002). Evolution of complex fruiting-body morphologies in Homobasidiomycetes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 269: 1963- 1969.

Holmgren, P.K., Holmgren, N.H. & Barnett, C.C. (eds.) (1990). Index Herbariorum. Bronx: New York Botanical Garden Press.

Horak, E. (1971). A contribution towards the revision of the Agaricales (Fungi) from New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 9(3): 403-462.

Horak, E. (1981). Conchomyces v. Overeem – an independent genus within the Agaricales? Sydowia 34: 109-114.

Koziak, A.T.E., Cheng, K.C. & Thorn, R.G. (2007). Phylogenetic analyses of

Nematoctonus and Hohenbuehelia (Pleurotaceae). Canadian Journal of Botany 85(8): 762-773.

Landcare Research (2014). Egon Horak’s slides of New Zealand Fungi. Available online: www.landcareresearch.co.nz/resources/collections/pdd/the-collection/slides-of- nz-fungi

Largent, D.L. (1977). How to identify mushrooms to genus III: microscopic features. Eureka: Mad River Press.

May, T.W. & Wood, A.E. (1997). Catalogue and Bibliography of Australian Macrofungi 1. Basidiomycota p.p. in Fungi of Australia Vol. 2A. Clayton: CSIRO Publishing. Miller, O.K. (1992). Three new species of Amanita from Western Australia. Mycologia

84: 679-686.

Moncalvo, J.-M., Lutzoni, F.M., Rehner, S.A., Johnson, J. & Vilgalys, R. (2000). Phylogenetic relationships of agaric fungi based on nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Systematic Biology 49: 278-305.

Moncalvo, J.-M., Vilgalys, R., Redhead, S.A., Johnson, J.E., James, T.Y., Aime, M.C., Hofstetter Verduin, S.J.W., Larsson, E., Baroni, T.J., Thorn, R.G., Jacobsson, S. Clemencon, H. & Miller Jr., O.K. (2002). One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23: 357-400.

Nobles, M.K. (1965). Identification of cultures of wood-inhabiting Hymenomycetes. Canadian Journal of Botany 43: 1097-1139.

Nylander, J.A.A. (2004). Mrmodeltest v2.2. Program distributed by the author. Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden.

Petersen, R.H. (2008). The genus Xerula (Agaricales; Fungi) in Australia and New Zealand. Nova Hedwigia 87(1-2): 1-67.

Ratkowsky, D. (1998). Book Review: Larger Fungi of South Australia and Fungi of Southern Australia. The Tasmanian Naturalist 120: 53-54.

Rea, C. (1922). British Basidiomycetae: a handbook to the larger British fungi. London: Cambridge University Press.

Redhead, S.A. & Nagasawa, E. (1987). Resinomycena japonica and Resupinatus

merulioides, new species of Agaricales from Japan. Canadian Journal of Botany 65: 972-976.

Ronquist, R. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2003). MrBayes 3: phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics (Oxford), 19: 1572-1574.

Segedin, B.P. (1993). Studies in the Agaricales of New Zealand: some new and revised species of Campanella (Tricholomataceae: Collybieae). New Zealand Journal of Botany 31(4): 375-384.

Segedin, B.P., Buchanan, P.K., & Wilkie, J.P. (1995). Studies in the Agaricales of New Zealand: new species, new records and renamed species of Pleurotus

(Pleurotaceae). Australian Journal of Systematic Botany 8: 453-482. Singer, R. (1951). The Agaricales in modern taxonomy. Lilloa 22: 1-832.

Singer, R. (1962). The Agaricales in modern taxonomy. 2nd ed. Weinheim: J. Cramer. Singer, R. (1975). The Agaricales in modern taxonomy. 3rd ed. Vaduz: J. Cramer. Stevenson, G. (1964). The Agaricales of New Zealand V: Tricholomataceae. Kew

Bulletin 19(1): 1-59.

Tamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M., & Kumar, S. (2011). MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Molecular Biology and Evolution 28: 2731-2739.

Thorn, R.G., Moncalvo, J.-M., Reddy, C.A. & Vilgalys, R. (2000). Phylogenetic analysis and the distribution of nematophagy support a monophyletic Pleurotaceae within the polyphyletic pleurotoid-lentinoid fungi. Mycologia 92: 241-252.

Thorn, R.G., Moncalvo, J.-M., Redhead, S.A., Lodge, D.J., & Martin, M. P. (2005). A new poroid species of Resupinatus from Puerto Rico, with reassessment of the cyphelloid genus Stigmatolemma. Mycologia 97(5): 1140-1151.

Vilgalys, R. & Hester, M. (1990). Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. Journal of Bacteriology 172(8): 4238-4246.

Watling, R. & Gregory, N.M. (1988). Observations on the boletes of the Cooloola Sandmass, Queensland and notes on their distribution in Australia. Part 2A.

Smooth spored taxa – introduction, keys and references. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 99: 45-63.

Watling, R. & Gregory, N.M. (1989). British Fungus Flora. Agarics and Boleti, vol. 6. Crepidotaceae, Pleurotaceae and other pleurotoid agarics. Edinburgh: Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.

White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S.B., & Taylor, J.W. (1990). Amplification and direct

sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In PCR Protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Edited by M.A. Innis, D.H. Gelfand, J.J. Shinsky & T.J. White. San Diego: Academic Press.

Chapter 5