LA LING ÜÍSTICA DESDE LA PRÁCTICA

The following collections are listed here as examples of possible additional diversity, although not enough information is available to describe new species. Until these collections are re-examined and sequences are obtained from new material, they are discussed here as notable collections that are atypical of species delineations discussed elsewhere in this chapter.

AD-C 55538 and AD-C 55545: these two collections are macromorphologically similar to Resupinatus applicatus, but have ovate spores as opposed to globose to subglobose spores. The two collections are also micromorphologically nearly identical to

Resupinatus cinerascens, but lack the dense covering of surface hairs on the fruit bodies. The collections also have very unusual large, presumably sterile, cells similar to the metuloids of Hohenbuehelia, which are not seen in any other collection of either Resupinatus applicatus or Resupinatus cinerascens. More recent collections of this species need to be found and sequenced before one can determine whether it represents a new species. See Figure 4.15, below, for photographs of these two collections.

AD-C 10960, CANB 605135, MEL 1053060, and MEL 2318047: these three collections are macromorphologically similar to Resupinatus cinerascens (very dark, nearly black fruit bodies with a dense covering of surface hairs), but with globose spores as opposed to the ovate or elliptical spores that R. cinerascens has. I attempted to

sequence MEL 1053060 (as well as a work-study student under my mentorship in the lab, T. D. Kim; see statement of co-authorship), but was unsuccessful (likely due to the specimen age). Sequencing of MEL 2318047 was also unsuccessful due to surface contamination of the dried material. More recent collections need to be found and sequenced. before proceeding further.

Figure 4.15 AD-C 55538 and AD-C 55545, two notable collections from Australia similar to both Resupinatus applicatus and Resupinatus cinerascens. A. Fruit bodies (AD-C 55538; Bar = 20 mm). B-D. Basidiospores (AD-C 55538; Bar = 5 m). E. Cystidia and strongly gelatinized hyphae (AD-C 55538; Bar = 30 m). F. Fruit bodies (AD-C 55545; Bar = 20 mm). G-I. Basidiospores (AD-C 55545; Bar = 5 m). J. Cystidia and basidioles (AD-C 55545; Bar = 30 m).

PDD 7139 and 16951: these two collections do not fit the species concept of Resupinatus poriaeformis (and Australian cyphelloid Resupinatus 2) and do not appear to belong to any previously described species from Australia or New Zealand. The collections do match the description of the type of Resupinatus hyalinus (Singer, 1989), and so they are treated as collections of this species. Until a successful sequence is generated from these collections and a non-type collection of Resupinatus hyalinus is found, it cannot be determined if these represent a new species or a new record of R. hyalinus in New Zealand. For a more thorough discussion of this species, see Chapter 5.

4.5

Discussion

This study recorded 14 species of Resupinatus from Australia and New Zealand, including the seven species recorded previously (Resupinatus cinerascens, R. huia, R. meruliodes, R. subapplicatus, R. trichotis, R. vinosolividus, and R. violaceogriseus), plus one new record (Resupinatus hyalinus) and six apparently new species (Resupinatus applicatus 4 and 5, Australian lamellate Resupinatus 1, Australian cyphelloid Resupinatus 1 and 2, and Resupinatus “striatulus” on hardwood). Ten species are lamellate or lamellate-merulioid and four species are cyphelloid. Australia and New Zealand are rich in diversity of various groups of macrofungi; for example, boletes (Watling & Gregory, 1988), Amanita (Miller, 1992), generalist ectomycorrhizae (Castellano & Bougher, 1994), Eucalyptus-associated fungi (May & Wood, 1997), hypogeous fungi (Bougher & Lebel, 2001), and Xerula (Petersen, 2008). This is the first study to document the diversity of the Resupinateae in Australia and New Zealand. The internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal DNA (ITS-rDNA) is a phylogenetically informative region for this group. It demonstrates the multiple derivations of the cyphelloid fruit body morphology within the Resupinateae, and also highlights the extreme phenotypic plasticity displayed within the group; members of the group that are lamellate and cyphelloid often appear on the same major branches of the

tree. This sequence also reveals multiple lineages within groups that would be considered one species on the basis of macro- and micromorphology: two lineages within

Resupinatus violaceogriseus and three lineages within the globose-spored Resupinatus applicatus complex (including R. subapplicatus).

4.5.1

Cyphelloid Resupinateae

Among the four cyphelloid species of Resupinatus recorded from Australia and New Zealand, R. huia (described from New Zealand) may not be distinct from R. incanus (described from South Africa), but is kept separate here based on geographic distribution. Until a new collection of R. incanus is found to enable sequence comparison, it is

impossible to determine if it and R. huia are distinct. Morphological evidence suggests, based on spore size distribution diagrams, that Resupinatus huia is perhaps a geographic race within Resupinatus incanus, as the distribution of spore sizes of the former is found within the distribution of the latter. A member of the R. poriaeformis group has been reported from Australia and New Zealand, and is regarded here as a distinct species since sequences of this group from Europe and North America form separate clades (see Figure 4.3 and Chapter 2). Similarly, the Australasian counterpart of Rhodocyphella

cupuliformis shows sufficient sequence difference from the North American

representative to be considered a separate species. This is an unusual cyphelloid species in the Resupinateae in that it does not produce a subiculum and is only slightly

gelatinized (unlike the thick layer of strongly gelatinized hyphae in the trama of other species in the Resupinateae, both cyphelloid and lamellate species). It has only been reported once from New Zealand from Dacrycarpus dacrydioides. Finally, two herbarium collections deposited in the Landcare Research herbarium in New Zealand (PDD) and named Resupinatus poriaeformis do not correspond to any species currently described in Resupinatus (or the former Stigmatolemma) except possibly Resupinatus hyalinus. That species has been collected just once, in Brazil, and is deposited in INPA (Singer, 1989). Unfortunately, the description of Resupinatus hyalinus is insufficient to make a conclusive identification of the New Zealand material, and INPA does not loan specimens; however, the spore sizes do match (6-6.5 x 3.3-4 m). A more thorough discussion of this species can be found in Chapter 6.