Capítulo 3: Descripción de la solución propuesta
3.9 Conclusiones
Mini-quiz
Workers given freedom to set their own agendas tend to be highly productive. According to several recent studies, however, 1 their the most productive when they not only determine their own agenda but also when 2 they’re is a daily system of accountability. 3 It’s something backed up by study and practice, the idea that workers are most productive when there is some oversight but when workers get to own our projects.
1)
A) NO CHANGE B) there
C) they’re D) theirs
2)
A) NO CHANGE B) there
C) there’s D) theirs
3)
A) NO CHANGE B) Its
C) They’re D)There’s
Answers:
1) C 2) B 3) A
3. Agreement
The SAT has always loved agreement—it’s easy to test and it’s easy to make the question di cult. But rst let’s talk about what agreement is: it is when the subject and verb are consistent in terms of number.
We’ve talked about number in the context of pronouns. It’s no di erent here, in the sense that “number” refers to whether a noun is singular or plural. The di erence is the verb. Some verbs will take an –s at the end depending on whether the subject is singular or plural.
He watches many movies.
They watch many movies.
I watch many movies.
The SAT is more concerned with abstract nouns such as “the analysis”, “the observation”, “the description”. All of these nouns are singular and correspond to the third person pronoun “it”.
The analysis shows that Tim is the better soccer player.
It shows that Tim is the better soccer player.
Notice the –s in show. This throws a lot of students o at rst. If something is plural, they think, shouldn’t it have an –s at the end of it? Well, that something is the subject. The –s we are talking about comes at the end of the verb. And verbs are not something that you can pluralize.
Granted, it is still a little confusing. But remember that the ‘-s’ only comes at the end of the verb if the subject/noun is singular (he, she, it, or some abstract noun that is singular).
If you’ve gotten what I’ve said so far and are thinking, what’s so hard about that? The SAT has a little trick up its sleeve.
The analysis of the two soccer players show that Tim is the better player.
What’s the subject?
Many students think that the subject is “two soccer players”, which is plural and that “show” is the right answer.
However, “two soccer players” is not the subject. The subject, at least on the SAT, will always come before the rst preposition (words such as “of”, “in”, “on”). Notice in the sentence above the “of” that comes after analysis.
The subject will always come before that preposition.
Take another stab to see if you can nd the subject.
Research into the habitats of meerkats show that the animal is highly social.
What’s wrong with the sentence?
Well, rst gure out what the subject is. Remember to look at the rst preposition. If you spot the “of”, don’t think that’s the rst preposition because it was so in the previous example. Go back further in the sentence to “into”, which is a preposition. Therefore, the subject—it will come before the rst preposition—is “research”, which is singular. Therefore, “show” should be “shows”.
See if you can gure out what the subjects in the following sentences are:
A mastery of cardiopulmonary techniques and other lifesaving tactics potentially turns an average person into an instant hero.
The number of students who are pursuing postsecondary education is increasing annually.
In the rst sentence, the subject is “mastery”; in the second sentence, the subject is “number”. Both are singular so the main verb of the sentence takes an –s at the end (“turns” in the rst sentence; “is” in the second.
Remember, that an –s at the end of the verb indicates a singular subject. In the case of “to be”, that’s not necessarily the case).
By now you might have noticed how the SAT makes agreement questions di cult: it increases the “distance”
between the subject and the verb that refers to that subject.
To illustrate this, I’ve eliminated all the words that come in between the subject and the verb:
A mastery of cardiopulmonary techniques and other lifesaving tactics potentially turns an average person into an instant hero.
The number of students who are pursuing postsecondary education is increasing annually.
To become strong at these question types that is what you have to do: Quickly ignore the extra words and home in on the subject, which comes before the rst preposition.
4. Frequently confused words
Unlike many of the other sections I’ve gone through thus far, I can’t show you the logic or a quick rule or two that you need only apply correctly to do well. Knowing the de nitions of words, and those of words that look similar, takes a lot of practice.
Luckily, there are two pieces of good news: this question type isn’t very common and there are lists of commonly confused words all over the Internet. Here are a few of the good ones, though I encourage you to type in
commonly confused English words in order to get the fully monty.
except vs. accept
precede vs. proceed vs. proceeds a ect vs. e ect
conscience vs. conscious allusion vs. illusion principle vs. principal
Basically, I would focus on other SAT grammar concepts before moving on to this. But if you are ever unsure how to spell a word because it sounds like a similar word, make sure to look up both words so you know the di erence. Who knows, that very word pair may show up test day.
5. Logical comparison
An easy way to think of this is you must compare apples to oranges. You can’t compare an orange to the taste of an apple, or the taste of an orange to an apple. You can, however, compare the taste of an orange to that of an apple. The “that” refers to taste. Instead of repeating “taste”, a noun already mentioned in the sentence, we use the pronoun “that of” (for singular nouns) or “those of” (for plural nouns).
The SAT is very particular about this rule, so even though it’s clear what two things are being compared, you must always be as literal as possible:
Incorrect
According to some, the use of sriracha as a condiment will soon surpass mustard.
Correct
According to some, the use of sriracha as a condiment will soon surpass THAT OF mustard. (We are comparing the use of sriracha to the use of mustard).
Incorrect
Mozart’s piano works are much easier to learn than Chopin, a reason why many beginners will know how to play a piece by Mozart, but not one by Chopin.
Correct
Mozart’s piano works are much easier to learn than THOSE OF Chopin, a reason why many beginners will know how to play a piece by Mozart, but not one by Chopin. (“those of” refers to “works”).
6. Conventional expression
The College Board describes “conventional expression” as the following:
“Conventional Expression questions don’t t neatly into one of the usage types listed earlier, but like them they focus on recognizing and correcting instances in which word choice doesn’t conform to the practices of standard written English.”
This sounds like “E ective Language Use” to me, and unless College Board gives an example that di erentiates between these two, I wouldn’t worry about the distinction. This question will basically ask you to choose the right word in terms of its precision and level of formality.