Capítulo 3: Descripción de la solución propuesta
3.6 Propuesta del procedimiento
3.6.2 Estructura organizativa
SAT-level example:
Incorrect : Not only has he squandered an important opportunity, but he is also upsetting many people close to him.
Correct: Not only has he squandered an important opportunity, but he has also upset many people close to him.
Squandered is in the simple past tense; therefore, we need the simple past tense of upset, which is upset.
Notice in the incorrect example, squanderED does not match upsettING.
On more advanced parallelism questions, it won’t just be two words that have to be parallel but entire phrases.
Other times a question is di cult because the verbs are buried in a morass of words, as the example below shows.
SAT-level (hard):
Playing video games, unlike watching television, is not a passive activity, because doing so requires that the video game player react to what’s happening onscreen, strategizes to overcome obstacles, and that she persevere to advance through the most di cult stages of the game.
1)
A) NO CHANGE B) that she strategizes C) that she strategize D) strategize
2)
A) NO CHANGE B) she persevere
C) she perseveres D) persevere
Answers and Explanation:
The video game player has to do three things: react, strategize, and persevere. The verb form is something called the subjunctive, which often pops up in words that indicated a command, request, or a requirement. You don’t actually have to know this. But you do have to notice that it does not say, “the video game player reacts ”; a verb usually takes an ‘s’ the end when it refers to a third person subject (“he walks”, “she dances”, etc.).
Here though it is “react”, not “reacts” (again, that’s because we have the verb “require that”, which removes the –s from the end of a verb referring to the third person. Therefore, the other two verbs must both be in this form, giving us “strategize” and “persevere”. Therefore, the answer to both 1) and 2) is D).
4. Modi er Placement
The SAT has always loved to test this concept. There is a clear logical reasoning behind the correct answer, yet many disregard this in their everyday speech. And when “what sounds right” and “what is actually right” con ict, you can bet the SAT is waiting there with a carefully engineered question to trap the unwary.
So take a look at the following sentences: is anything wrong?
Studying for nals and playing high school sports, it is hard for many to nd time.
Living for seven months in Madrid, Martha’s uency in Spanish increased rapidly.
Not so sure? Well, what about the following examples?
Running down the street, a bicycle hit him.
Flipping through channels, the television suddenly turned o .
Something weird is clearly going on. Was the bicycle running down the street? Was a television sitting on a couch and eating Doritos, while ipping through channels?
To avoid such absurd scenarios, we have to make sure that when we have a phrase beginning with an –ing verb (called a participle) that the phrase, which ends right before the comma, accurately describe the subject that comes right after the comma.
Running down the street, he had to jump out of the way of an oncoming bicycle.
Flipping through channels, Dexter threw his hands up in frustration when the television suddenly turned o .
Now let’s go back to those rst two examples. Can you think of ways to improve those sentences? Give it a shot.
Makes sure the “–ing phrase” correctly modi es the subject. The correct version of the sentences is immediately below (don’t peek!)
Correct:
Studying for nals and playing high school sports, many students nd it hard to focus on anything else.
Incorrect:
Living for seven months in Madrid, Martha became uent in Spanish.
Modi cation is basically a fancy way of saying “describing”. And you can think of the “-ing phrase” as a large adjective that should logically (don’t forget the Doritos-eating television) describe the subject.
Sometimes, though, modi cation comes after the subject.
John sat on the couch eating Doritos and watching a blank screen.
John sat on the couch, eating Doritos and watching a blank screen.
One of these sentences implies that the couch eats Doritos (which isn’t too absurd if you look under some couches). The other is correct because it describes (correctly) John eating the Doritos and watching a blank screen.
The correct sentence uses a comma to separate the phrase, “John sat on the couch” from the phrase that says
“eating Doritos…”. When the “-ing phrase” comes after the comma, the action in that phrase should always describe the subject of the sentence. In this case, John is that subject of the subject.
On the other hand if you don’t have a comma separating the “-ing phrase” from the rest of the sentence, then that phrase must logically describe the noun that comes immediately before it. In the rst sentence (the one without the comma), there is no comma separating “couch” and “eating”. Therefore, that sentence implies (incorrectly) that the couch is eating Doritos and watching a blank screen.
Mini-Quiz
Students multitask everyday, indeed many times a day, students believe they are very adept at juggling two or three di erent activities while studying for a midterm. Though they may well be able to learn while multitasking, it is not nearly as e cient as focusing only on studying. Yet many students continue to pass up an optimal studying environment preferring to multitask at every opportunity.
1)
A) NO CHANGE