Conclusiones

-هناخ رد : دیناوخب ار ریز نتم )فلا ناریا هب شرفس ي هرابرد ، کرویوین نکاس راگنربخ، زنیواج ایرام :دیوگ يم یدباع اضر ،یراوسهش ازر :زا اه سکع

«I arrived in Iran in a loose-fitting shalvar kameez (long roomy tunic and pants) only to find myself hideously out-classed by the Iranian women who dress with a great sense of style. Modern Iranian women dress a lot like modern American women, with one important difference. In public, they must always wear a long coat over their regular clothes and are required to cover their heads with a scarf. It is the law. The coat and scarf need not be black -- the more ad-venturous fashion plates wear muted greens and beiges and even earthy reds. Their coat buttons can be decorative and it is perfectly acceptable for women to allow wisps of hair to frame their faces. Many females carry briefcases to and from work as they click down the sidewalks in high heels.»

Research online and find out what is not acceptable to wear when you are on the street in Iran.

1. Read the following sentences:

.مدرک يم يگدنز تشر رد مدوب هچب يتقو .متفر يم يقیسوم سلاک هب هبنش هس ياه زور لاسراپ These sentences feature a new verb tense (يرارمتــسا هتــشذگ), but luckily it is formed using pieces that you know so you should recognize the verb. Do you think this new tense is a past tense or a present tense? How do you know? What words in the sentence indicate this?

2. You already know the simple past, which describes actions that took place in the past one time, like in the examples below:

.مدرک يگدنز زاریش رد لاس راهچ .مدمآ ناریا هب شیپ لاس ود However, يرارمِتسِا هتشَذُگ is used in a different way. Read the first set of examples again. What do you notice about the period of time in which the action of the verb takes place? Is the action happening in a single instance or over a period of time? How do you know?

3. Based on the information above, can you describe when we use يرارمِتــسِا هتــشَذُگ in Persian? Be sure to check your answer with your instructor and classmates in class.

4. Look at the two examples below and explain why simple past (هداس هتشذگ ) is used in the first sentence while يرارمتسا هتشذگ is used in the second.

.متفر ناریا ناتسدرک رد یرهش هب و مدمآ ناریا هب شیپ لاس ود .متفر يم ناریا ناتسدرک رد یرهش هب ،مدمآ يم ناریا هب يتقو

5. To review circle the correct word in the parenthesis: يرارمتسا هتشذگ is a (past / present) tense that describes either actions that took place (over a period of time / in a one instance) or (habitual / single) actions.

Forming يرارمِتسِا هتشَذُگ

6. Examine the sentence below carefully and underline the two examples of: يرارمِتسِا هتشَذُگ

.متفر يم ناریا ناتسدرک رد یرهش هب ،مدمآ يم ناریا هب يتقو 7.This verb tense is formed using familiar pieces. What do you recognize in the verb?

Past Progressive یرارمِتسِا هِتشَذُگ :2 روتسد هناخ رد -یرارمتسا هتشذگ :۲6 نیرمت

3_6_Grammar1

3_6_Grammar2

3_6_Grammar3

.دروخ يم ماش هن تعاس ًلاومعم و داد يم سرد تفه تعاس ات هبنشراهچ ياه زور متسود لاسراپ .دروخ يم ماش ناروتسر رد شناتسود زا يکی اب دنک يم يگدنز رهش زکرم رد ینامتراپآ رد هک متسود Which sentence has a verb that is pronounced khorad/ and which sentence has a verb pronounced as /mi-khord/? How do you know?

Negating يرارمتسا هتشذگ

11. The sentence below includes the يرارمتسا هتشذگ is the negated form.

.درک يم تحاران ار ناشردام و ردپ نیا و دندش يمن رادیب حبص چنپ تعاس زا دعب دندوب هچب هک يتقو ?What do you notice about how we negate this verb tense? It is similar to the negation of which other verb tense

12. Fill out the chart below using the negated conjugation of يرارمتسا هتشذگ.

13. Conjugate the following verbs in يرارمتسا هتشذگ using the indicated subject pronoun. As you conjugate each verb, say it aloud!

... نتشون + وت .۱ ... نتسناوت + امش .۲ ... ندرک يعس + ام .۳

نم ام دیدرک يمن کمک امش وت اهنآ وا 8. يرارمِتسِا هتشَذُگ is formed simply by adding يم to the simple past tense form that you already know. To help you visualize the form, fill out the diagram below with the proper information:

يرارمتسا هتشذگ

+

9. Apply this information by filling out the chart below. Check your answers with your instructor. Don’t forget what is special about the third-person singular وا in the simple past!

10.Read the two sentences below :

متفگ يم نم ام وت امش وا اهنآ 3_6_Grammar4

3_6_Grammar5

3_6_Grammar6 Check your answers!

... ندرک هاگن + وا .۴ ... ندرک راک + اهنآ .۵ ... ندز فرح + وت .6 ... ندرک تبحص + وت .۷ ... ندیباوخ + نم .۸

14. Fill in the blanks using the indicated verb conjugated in either the simple past tense or the يرارمتسا هتشذگ.

Then explain in detail why you chose that tense.

. )ندرک شزرو( ...متسود اب و )نتفر( ...هاگشاب هب هبنش هس ياه زور لاسراپ نم .۱ .دوش یم عورش ود تعاس نام سلاک هدنیآ ي هتفه )تفگ( ... نامداتسا زورید .۲ ... يرگید گنر سابل وا هب يسک يتقو و )ندیشوپ( ... زبس سابل طقف دوب هچب هک يتقو مردارب .۳ .)ندش( ... تحاران ،)نداد هیده(

.)ندرک شیارآ( ... دایز زور ره مناتسود زا يکی میدوب ناتسریبد رد يتقو .۴ .دنناوت يمن نلاا اما دننک راک پاش يفاک رد )نتسناوت( ... هتشذگ رد اهنآ .۵ )نتساوخ( ... نوچ )ندرک يگدنز( ... اج نآ .)ندمآ( ... ناریا زا لاسراپ نم .6 .منزب فرح يسراف بوخ

15. Listen to the audio file. You will hear 6 sentences. Write the translation of the sentences you hear in the appropriate column. The sentences which have لعف يرارمتسا هتشذگ in right column, and the ones with هداس هتشذگ in left.

دراد هداس هتشذگ لعف هک يا هلمج دراد يرارمتسا هتشذگ لعف هک يا هلمج 3_6_Grammar7

!what a good time - !ریخ هب شدای .۱ دینک تبحص ناتا هتشذگ ي هرابرد دوخ يسلاک مه اب ... مدوب هچب يتقو ... مدرک يم يگدنز ... رد يتقو ... متفر يم هسردم هب يتقو ... يتقو

هتفشآ‌ناتساد‌کي‌ندرک‌بترم‌.2

Your teacher will give you sheets of paper with the sentences from a short story. The sentences are out of order, and you must work with your partner to put them in the correct order.

.تفر نوریب قاتا زا و دش ینابصع ،منز یمن فرح دید هک ردام .۱ .تسا هدید ار ردپ یاهوراد تفگ .دناد یم ار زیچ همه تفگ .۲ .متفر نمیشن قاتا هب شلابند هب و مدرک کاپ ار میاه مشچ .۳ ؟دییوگ یمن نم هب هک دیناد یم هچ امش ؟تسا ربخ هچ اهزور نیا ؟هتفر اجک تردپ .۴ .دنادب یزیچ ردام تساوخ یمن مردپ .مهدب یباوج هچ متسناد یمن .۵ باوج متسناوت یمن هک دیسرپ یم ییاهزیچ .ندز فرح هب درک عورش و .دمآ قاتا هب یاچ ناویل کی اب ردام هک مدرک یم شیارآ مقاتا رد .6 .مهد .متفگ یمن چیه نم و دیسرپ یم و دیسرپ یم .دمآ یمن هاتوک ردام اما .۷ اهولق‌ود‌-3 Twins: Walk around the room and find two students who were doing exactly the same thing as you at exactly the same time. You should use the past progressive ask questions like the example below:

؟دیدرک یم راکچ حبص تشه تعاس زورید .مدروخ یم هناحبص حبص تشه تعاس زورید -3_6_Grammar8

16. Read the English sentences below and write the closest Persian equivalent that you can think of.

1. Last year in history class, our professor would ask a question in the beginning of the class everyday.

2. When I was a child, I would arrive to school late every day.

3. When we would go to Iran, my little sister didn’t want to wear her headscarf.

4. Some of the people who were at the party used to live in Tehran but immigrated to California last year.

5. Last year my favorite class would start at ۳:۰۰ and we would always talk about interesting topics.

Note: The third-person singular conjugation for يرارمتسا هتشذگ of the verb ندروخ is written the same as the third-person singular conjugation forلاح نامز )simple present tense(. However, it is pronounced differently:

دروخ يم :يرارمتسا ي هتشذگ دَروخ يم :لاح نامز

سلاک رد -یرارمتسا هتشذگ :۲۷ نیرمت

Translated by Edward Fitzgerald

At home- Do research on Omar Khayyam and write three facts about him and/or his poetry. Try to write as much as you can in Persian.

1.

2.

3.

یناریا رعاش ،مایخ رمع :يسیون شوخ و ظفلت ،۱ گنهرف

هناخ و سلاک رد :۲۸ نیرمت

هک يتاملک ریز و ،دینک شوگ )يتوص لیاف هب ای( ناتداتسا هب يارب ار رعش يسیلگنا ينعم سپس .دیشکب طخ دیسانش يم راب کی .دینزب سدح ار يسراف تاملک ينعم و دیناوخب ناتدوخ رارکت ار رعش وا زا دعب دینک يعس و دینک شوگ داتسا هب رگید طخ اب ار نآ دینک يعس ،دیتفرگ دای ار رعش هک نیا زا دعب .دینک

!دیسیونب قیلعتسن

شاب شوخ یتسم هدابز گرا مايخ

...

شاب شوخ یتسشن گرا یخر لهلا اب

...

تسا یتسین ناهج راك تبقاع نوچ

...

شاب شوخ یتسه وچ ،یتسین که راگ نا

...

Khayyam, if thou art drunk with wine, be glad!

If seated next to one with tulips cheeks, be glad!

Since the world’s work has no hereafter, think then

Though mightiest not be-but since thou art, be glad!

Omar khayyâm

1. review the chart below, compare the sentences in يراتفگ and يراتشون and underline the words that are

different. 3_8_SpokenWritten1

3_8_SpokenWritten 2

3_8_SpokenWritten 3 2. Listen to the audio file and learn to say the following phrases.

يراتشون

3. Review the chart below, compare the sentences in goftaari and neveshtaari and underline the words which are different. Listen to the audio file and check your answers.

In class, take turn and tell your classmate the following sentences in يراتفگ یسراف.

You have a friend who came to Austin (or the city you live in now) last night, and you will call him tonight.

Your mother called you yesterday after a week, and you will call her tonight and tell her that you will call her everyday from now on (دعب هب نیا زا).

Your friend sent his best to them.

Your classmate doesn’t have the Persian textbook and If they can give the textbook to her.

يراتفگ يراتشون .اج نیمه راذب ور هباتک .راذگب اج نیمه ار باتک )نآ(

!نم هب شهدب ؟ینیبیم ور هفیک .هدب نم هب ار نآ ؟ینیبیم ار فیک )نآ(

.تسین مشیپ هشفک متفگ شهب .تسین نم شیپ شفک )نآ( متفگ وا هب

‌يتوص‌لياف‌هب‌.دور‌يم‌هنامس‌شتسود‌دلوت‌نشج‌هب‌مه‌اسهم‌.5

‌.دیهد‌باوج‌ريز‌تلااوس‌هب‌و‌دینک‌شوگ

؟دورب هنامس ينامهم هب دیاب اسهم ارچ .۱

؟دهد یمن ار اسهم یاه نفلت باوج هنامس ارچ دینک يم رکف .۲

؟دهدب هچ اده هب دیاب اسهم .۳

؟تسیچ اسهم يرسور ي هرابرد امش رظن .۴ سلاک و هناخ رد :۳۰ نیرمت At

home-1. Read the following examples and listen to the corresponding audio file. 3_8_SpokenWritten 4

What differences do you notice between the یراتفگ and یراتشون sentences above?

2. You’ll notice that هـ has been added to several words in the یراتفگ section. What role does this هـ play in یراتفگ ? How do you think the sentences would be different without the هـ ?

3. Write three sentences in یراتفگ, in which you use the هـ like the examples above and translate them into English.

‌.دیسيونب‌بسانم‌یاج‌رد‌ار‌تلااوس‌.ديونش‌یم‌لاوس‌جنپ‌.دینک‌شوگ‌يتوص‌لياف‌هب‌.4 .اج نیمه - ؟ ... -۱

!دییامرفب ،هلب - ؟ ... -۲ .تشذگ شوخ یلیخ !دوب یلاع - ؟ ... -۳ .هزیم یور هک ینوا - ؟ ... -۴ .شمرایم نلاا ،هرآ - ؟ ... -۵ 3_8_SpokenWritten 5

3_8_SpokenWritten 6

‌.دیسيونب‌يراتشون‌يسراف‌هب‌ديونش‌يم‌ار‌هچ‌ره‌و‌دینک‌شوگ‌ار‌نتم‌رگيد‌راب‌کي‌.4

)It seems that :هسریم رظن هب( .دینک فیصوت ار ریز یاهریوصت یراتفگ یسراف رد فیرعت فرح زا هدافتسا اب :لاثم ). ... هراد یتشپ هلوک هک هرتخد هسر یم رظن هب(

). ... هتسشن لبم یور هک هدرم هسر یم رظن هب(

). ... هنز یم فرح شردام اب هک هئولوچوک رسپ هک هسر یم رظن هب (

). ... هنیشام هک هس ر یم رظن هب (

). ... هملیف هک هسر یم رظن هب ( سلاک رد :۳۱ نیرمت

A Few Exceptions

4. Note that there are instances in which we use this verb tense in Persian when we wouldn’t necessarily use it in English. The most notable examples involve three verbs that you already know. Look at the sample sentences below and translate them into English.

.ما هدیشوپن زبس سابل و مدرک شومارف نم اّما دنا هدیشوپ زبس سابل میاه يسلاکمه و تسا کیرتاپ تنس زور زورما .میروخ يم ماش میراد و میا هتسشن زیم تشپ ما هداوناخ اب نم نلاا نوچ منزب فرح مناوت يمن .تسا هدیباوخ - ؟تساجک اسهم - In Persian, we describe these states of being (wearing, sitting, and sleeping) using the يلقن هتشذگ, even though we