Consciencia de la información de precios

Dr. Szyjko Cezary Tomasz - PhDr.Daniela Hrehová, PhD.

ABSTRACT

The EU is likely to go on growing as a defence and security actor under pressure of its existing commitments, influences from the external environment, and also considerations of prestige. This will call for the further evolution of states' related policies notably as regards military integration and specialization, 'homeland security' issues, and ways of better asserting the interests of the region's small and medium-sized states. In parallel with its growing economic power, the EU has created its own foreign and security policy. This enables it to speak – and act – as one in world affairs. Regional conflicts in Europe and elsewhere in the 1990s and the fight against terrorism persuaded EU leaders to create formal instruments for both diplomacy and intervention. Is European Union prepared to meet the new global security challenges of the twenty-first century? This paper seeks answer by identifying those security challenges and examining where deficiencies exist in the Union’s policies and security infrastructure. The introductory paragraph will provide a brief background to the global security context now faced by the European Union and its member states, and will also provide a general overview of the nature of security itself.

Key words: security, globalization, policy

ABSTRAKT

EÚ bude pravdepodobne pokračovať v raste v oblasti obrany a aktivite bezpečnosti pod tlakom existujúcich záväzkov, vplyvov z vonkajšieho prostredia, ale aj prestížnych úvah. To bude vyžadovať ďalší vývoj štátov súvisiacich politík, najmä pokiaľ ide o vojenskú integráciu a špecializáciu "vnútornej bezpečnosti" problémy, a ako lepšie presadzovať záujmy regiónu malých a stredne veľkých štátov. Súbežne s rastúcou ekonomickou silu EÚ vytvorila svoju vlastnú zahraničnej a bezpečnostnej politiky. To mu umožňuje hovoriť - a konať - ako jeden vo svetovom dianí. Regionálne konflikty v Európe a inde v roku 1990 a boja proti terorizmu presvedčil vedúcich predstaviteľov EÚ k vytvoreniu formálnych nástrojov pre diplomaciu a intervencie. Európska únia je pripravená čeliť novej globálnej bezpečnostnými výzvami dvadsiateho prvého storočia? Tento dokument sa snaží odpovedať tak, že označí bezpečnostných problémov a skúmať, kde existujú nedostatky v politikách Únie a bezpečnosť infraštruktúry. V úvodnom odseku poskytne stručné pozadí globálneho kontextu zabezpečení teraz čelí Európska únia a jej členské štáty, a bude tiež poskytovať všeobecný prehľad o povahe bezpečnostných sám.

Kľúčové slová: bezpečnosť, globalizácia, politika JELCLASSIFICATION:F50, Y51

INTRODUCTION

Security today involves a variety of issues besides the conventional military ones: Organized crime, weapons proliferation, piracy, global warming, energy security, pandemics, terrorism and cyber-security are just some of the issues that currently warrant the attention of politicians and policy-makers. The new global security challenges in recent years have had a significant impact on European security. New transnational threats (terrorism, ethnic conflicts,

transnational criminality, natural disasters) are challenging national as well as international policies and institutions for security. The necessities of transnational crisis management in a globalised world are compelling also the EU to take on a new security responsibility.

1 Tradicionaly Security

Traditionally, the concept of ‘security’ has been interpreted in militaristic terms as the military defence of the state, involving ‘structured violence manifest in state warfare’488489 Since the end of the Cold War this narrow definition of security has become less relevant.490

Security has traditionally been interpreted as referring only to military and defence matters, however, in the twenty-first century that interpretation has now been extended to include a much wider range of matters including, but not limited to, economic, domestic and energy security. The following paragraphs will examine these matters in further detail. One of the fundamental difficulties faced by European leaders while seeking to best provide for the security of the European Union is attempting firstly to define exactly what is meant by ‘security’. Different scholars and statespeople have a wide ranging set of definitions for what exactly constitutes security. Tim Bale for example, describes security as “the absence, or at least the minimization of unacceptable risk not just to life but to those things that are thought to make it worthwhile or at least easier – freedom and prosperity via access to essentials like food and water”.491

Former High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy Javier Solana adds to this definition, arguing that ‘security’ “must also mean freedom from hunger, deprivation and marginalisation”.492 Andrew Cottey493 on the other hand, argues that the nature of security is subjective; and is dependent upon “perceptions of which communities, values and institutions matter and the threats to (the same)”. Prior to the signing of the Maastricht Treaty on European Union in 1992, co-operation among EU member states in the area of security and defence was limited to the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and the fledgling Western European Union, a body established in 1954 though not related to the EU. It was only following the entry into force of Maastricht that the Union and it’s institutions gained any competence in the area of foreign or security policy and even then, this was limited to a separate policy ‘pillar’ which was not subject to the normal legislative, policy making or accounting procedures of the EU (look Figure 1).494

MAC LEAN, G.: The Changing Perceptions of Human Security: Co-Ordinating National and Multilateral Responses. Manitoba: UNAC, 1998, p. 2.

489

BEDESKI, R.: Defining Human Security. Victoria: Centre for Global Studies, 1999, p. 1. 490

HADINGMAN, J.: Human security and Africa: polemic opposites’. In: South African Journal of International Affairs, no. 7, vol. 2, 2000, p. 113.

491

BALE, T.: European Politics: A Comparative Introduction. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005, p. 249-250.

492

SOLANA, J.: European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) and Its Social Basis, 2004, p. 37. http://www.elegans.com.tr/arsiv/55/haber005.html

493

COTTEY, A.: Security in the New Europe. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007, p. 7. 494

Fig. 1: The European Union and its three pillars

The European Union

The first pillar

The second pillar

The third pillar

Source: Lab Space: Europe and the law. Official Journal of the European Union, 2010.

http://labspace.open.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=430705

It has been argued that the economic interdependence generated by the Union among its members has provided a measure of security, peace and stability which is unprecedented in the history of Europe.495 The European Union has been described as an “economic giant but a political dwarf” and this perhaps best describes the Union’s inadequate collective security infrastructure both in terms of it’s own internal security and that of it’s member states, and also in terms of how the EU responds to global threats emanating from outside of its borders which have a direct bearing on it’s own security.496

BALE, T.: European Politics: A Comparative Introduction. London : Palgrave Macmillan, 2005, p. 250.

496

NEUMANN, A.: How to measure security of supply? Dresden: Dresden University of Technology, 2007, p. 65.

The three European Communities

Police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters Common foreing and security policy

Police cooperation.

Combating racism. Fighting organised crime. Fighting drugs. Combating human trafficking.

The objektive of the third pillar is to integrate member states´policies on asylum and immigration, customs, drugs and crime.

Foreing policy.

Peacekeeping. Human rights. Democracy. Foreing aid.

Security Policy.

Europe´s security framework. Financial aspects of defence.

In the second pillar, member states aim hold common positions and take joint action on foreign and security affairs.