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CONSULTAR RECLASIFICACIÓN DE RUBROS DE EGRESOS
4.9.1 The Living Environment Deprivation Domain measures the quality of the local environment. The indicators fall into two sub-domains. The ‘indoors’ living environment measures the quality of housing; while the ‘outdoors’ living environment contains measures of air quality and road traffic accidents.
The indicators Indoors sub-domain
Houses without central heating: The proportion of houses that do not have central heating
Housing in poor condition: The proportion of social and private homes that fail to meet the Decent Homes standard.
Outdoors sub-domain
Air quality: A measure of air quality based on emissions rates for four pollutants
Road traffic accidents involving injury to pedestrians and cyclists.
for National Statistics Census 2001-based classification of Lower-layer Super Output Areas at ‘Group’ level to produce the groups of similar Lower-layer Super Output Areas in stronger or weaker markets.
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Indicator details
Houses without central heating
4.9.2 The houses without central heating indicator is used as a measure of housing which is expensive to heat. The numerator is the number of houses without central heating in the Lower-layer Super Output Area while the denominator is the number of households in the area.
4.9.3 Data was taken from the Census 2011 (the previous indicator was based on Census 2001 data), and identifies the proportion of houses in each Lower-layer Super Output Area that do not have central heating in any room58. Shrinkage was applied to the indicator.
Housing in poor condition
4.9.4 The housing in poor condition indicator is a modelled estimate of the proportion of social and private homes that fail to meet the Decent Homes standard.
4.9.5 A property fails the Decent Homes Standard if it fails to meet any one of the four separate components shown in the table below 59. Each of these components was modelled separately, using data from the 2011 English Housing Survey at national level, in combination with a commercial dataset that provides information on the age, type, tenure and occupant characteristics of the housing stock at individual dwelling level. Failure likelihood factors for individual dwellings were generated by segmentation analysis and logistic regression models, and aggregated to Lower-layer Super Output Area.
58 The Census 2011 definition of central heating used includes gas, oil or solid fuel central heating, night storage heaters, warm air heating and underfloor heating.
59 See ‘A Decent Home: Definition and guidance for implementation’ published in June 2006 for details of the Decent Homes standard.
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/a-decent-home-definition-and-guidance
53 Table 4.5. The four components of the Decent Homes Standard
Component Description Housing Health
and Safety Rating System
Dwellings which fail to meet this criterion are those containing one or more hazards assessed as serious (‘Category 1’). The system includes 29 hazards in the home categorised into Category 1 (serious) or Category 2 (other).
Disrepair A dwelling is said to be in disrepair if: at least one of the key building components is old and needs replacing or major repair due to its condition; or more than one of the other building components are old and need replacing or major repair due to their condition.
Modernisation A dwelling is said to fail this criterion if it lacks three or more of the following: a reasonably modern kitchen (20 years old or less); a kitchen with adequate space and layout; a reasonably modern bathroom (30 years old or less); an appropriately located bathroom and WC; adequate insulation against external noise (where such noise is a problem); or adequate size and layout of common areas for blocks of flats.
Thermal comfort A dwelling fails this criterion if it does not have effective insulation and efficient heating.
Air quality
4.9.6 The indicator is an estimate of the concentration of the four pollutants nitrogen dioxide, benzene, sulphur dioxide and particulates. Indicators for each of the pollutants were based on 2012 air quality data published by the UK Air Information Resource for 1km grid-squares60, which was modelled to Lower-layer Super Output Area level using the point-in-polygon method. For Lower-layer Super Output Areas that did not have grid points falling within them, data from the nearest point of the air quality grid was assigned.
4.9.7 For each pollutant the atmospheric concentration was compared to a national standard value61, with the concentrations in each Lower-layer Super Output Area divided by the appropriate national standard, before summing to produce a single indicator.
4.9.8 In theory, values for the combined indicator range from zero to infinity. However in practice values are unlikely to exceed 4, the equivalent of a site where
concentrations of all four pollutants are at their respective thresholds.
4.9.9 Due to changes in the national targets62, the particulate matter component of the air quality indicator were based on particles less than 2.5 micrometres in diameter, rather than the 10 micrometres previously used. Additional pollutants (arsenic, cadmium, nickel and benzoapyrene) are also the subject of a new air quality
60 UK-AIR: Air Information Resource http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/
61 The annual mean standards of nitrogen dioxide, benzene and particulates are defined by the UK’s National Air Quality Strategy while the safe guideline for sulphur dioxide is set by the World Health Organisation.
62 UK and EU Air Quality Policy Context http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/air-pollution/uk-eu-policy-context
54 directive63. However the overwhelming majority of areas in the country have better-than-target values for these pollutants so they have not been included in the measure.
Road traffic accidents involving injury to pedestrians and cyclists
4.9.10 The indicator is based on reported accidents that involve death or personal injury to a pedestrian or cyclist64. The indicator uses data for 2011 to 2013 published by the Department for Transport, with three years of data used to reduce the problem of small numbers.
4.9.11 The numerator for this indicator is the number of reported accidents (weighted for severity) in a Lower-layer Super Output Area that involve death or personal injury to a pedestrian or cyclist, averaged across the three years 2011 to 2013. To take into account the number of people in the local area during the day, the
denominator uses the non-resident workplace population (from Census 2011) as well as the average of the mid-year population estimates for 2011 to 2013 (from the Office for National Statistics) with the prison population (from the Ministry of Justice) subtracted.
4.9.12 Weights were applied to the total counts of the three severity types: a weight of 1 was applied for slight severity, 2 for serious and 3 for fatal. Each incident was plotted according to its grid reference, which gives its location accurate to 10 metres. Where an incident occurred within 100 metres of a Lower-layer Super Output Area boundary, the incident was apportioned equally to the areas either side of the boundary. Shrinkage was applied to the indicator.
Combining the indicators to create the domain
4.9.13 The indicators within each of the sub-domains was standardised by ranking and transforming to a normal distribution, and combined using equal weights to create the sub-domains. The sub-domains were standardised by ranking and transforming to an exponential distribution.
4.9.14 The domain was created by summing the two sub-domains, weighted according to patterns of ‘indoors’ and ‘outdoors’ time use65. As done in the Indices of
Deprivation 2010, the Indoors Living Environment sub-domain was given two thirds of the domain’s weight, and the Outdoors Living Environment sub-domain, one-third.
63 See Air Quality Standards Regulations 2010,
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/1001/pdfs/uksi_20101001_en.pdf
64 Only accidents that involve at least one ‘mechanically propelled’ vehicle are included in the dataset.
Accidents involving personal injury are counted, including deliberate acts of violence but not confirmed cases of suicide. Accidents involving pedal cycles are included. Where many casualties were associated with one accident, all pedestrian and cyclist casualties were counted. Injuries sustained on private roads and in car parks are not included. See www.gov.uk/government/collections/road-accidents-and-safety-statistics for details.
65 UK 2000 Time Use Survey, http://discover.ukdataservice.ac.uk/catalogue?sn=4504
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Changes since the Indices of Deprivation 2010
The indicators in the domain remain the same as in the Indices of Deprivation 2010, apart from changes to the housing in poor condition indicator which include an improved modelling methodology. Other minor changes to this domain, for example due to changes in available data, are described above. Further details of all these changes are given in Appendix C.
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