PEA Hombres
2.2. Contexto del desarrollo del turismo en la Región Lambayeque
Select varieties with built in resistance to major diseases.
Blast: Rohini, Bharati, Mattatriveni, Jayathi, Neeraja, Kairali, Kanchana, Nila, Aathira,
Aiswarya, Harsha, Kanakom, Renjini, Remanika, Lakshmi, Onam, Dhanya, Sagara, Deepthi, Ahalya.
Sheath blight : Reshmi, Mattatriveni, Nila, Kairali, Karthika, Aathira, Aiswarya,
Pavizham, Karthika, Aruna, Makom, Remya, Kanakom, Gouri, Lakshmi ,Bhagya, Onam, Dhanya and Sagara .
Cultural practices
l Deep summer ploughing of the fields.
l Use properly dried, disease free seeds.
l Follow optimum time for sowing / planting.
l Apply rice hull ash @ 100 g / m2 which will help to reduce the incidence of blast in the
nursery. False smut
l Destroy /remove disease harbouring weeds from the field.
l Give optimum spacing.
l Follow proper water management. Water logging favours diseases like sheath blight. Draining the field for one or two days will help to reduce the spread of the disease.
l Avoid clipping of leaf tips at the time of transplanting in bacterial blight endemic areas. Note: Incorporation of green manures like Pteorocarpus marsupium (Ungu), Eupatorium
odoratum and Mangifera indica (Mango) @ 5t / haorapplication of leaves of plants such as Lawsonia inermis, Calotropis, Azadiracta indica, Datura stramonium and Glyricidia @ 2.5 t / hawill also reduce incidence of sheath blight.
Bio-control agents
Application of Pseudomonas fluorescens P1 in different ways viz., seed treatment, seedling root dip, soil application or foliar spray will effectively control fungal diseases and bacterial diseases..
Seed treatment: Treat the seeds with talc based formulation @ 10 g per kg of seed. If
wet sowing in practised, treated seeds are soaked in water for 12 hours. Drain the excess water and keep for sprouting.
Seedling root dip: Dip the roots of the seedlings before transplanting in solution of P. fluorescens (20 g / litre) for 30 minutes. Seedling root dip can be easily done in the field
itself. Water is to be impounded in the field by taking pits or making bunds and mix the talc based formulation in water. The pulled out seedlings are to be kept in such a way so as to immerse the roots in P.fluorescens mixed water. After half an hour seedlings are planted in the main field. For dipping the seedlings for one ha, 2.5 kg talc based formulation is required
Soil application: Apply talc based formulation of P. fluorescens @ 2.5kg per ha one
week after transplanting or 30-40 days after sowing for the direct sown crop. Mix 2.5kg of
P. fluorescens with 50 kg dried cow dung or sand and broadcast in the field. Dewater the
field before the application of the culture.
Foliar spray: P. fluorescens can be sprayed on the foliage @ 20 g / litre of water. Spraying
can be repeated depending on the disease severity. The application of P. fluorescens for a minimum of three times like seed treatment, seedling root dip and one foliar spray or seed treatment, soil application and foliar spray will be very effective in providing protection to rice crop from disease incidence.
PGPR mix II: Root dip and foliar application of PGPR mix II give effective protection against fungal and bacterial diseases.
Foliar spray of cow dung slurry is also effective for the management of bacterial blight of rice. Fresh cow dung @ 20 g / litre is mixed in water and the supernatant is used for spraying. The bacteriophages present in the cow dung act against the pathogenic bacteria present on the plant. 500 litres of cowdung liquid is needed for one hectare.
VEGETABLES
AMARANTH (Amaranthus spp.)
Amaranth is the most popular leafy vegetable of Kerala. Though it can be grown throughout the year, summer is found to be the best season.
Varieties
Red : Kannara local, Arun, Krishna Sree Green : Co-1, Co-2, Co-3 and Mohini Mixed type : RenuSree
Note : Kannara local is a season bound variety, which comes to flowering in November-December.
Seed rate : 1.5 to 2 kg/hectare
Method of planting:
Direct sowing and transplanting
Nursery
Solarization of the nursery bed before sowing and seed treatment with Pseudomonas (10 g/kg seed) can control nursery diseases. Apply FYM 10 kg enriched with Trichoderma, Neemcake 50 g, PGPR mix 1- 100 g and AMF 200 g/m2.
Main field
Prepare the land by ploughing or digging followed by levelling. Shallow trenches of width 30-35cm are made at 30 cm apart. Transplant 20-30 days old seedlings in the shallow trenches at a distance of 20 cm in two rows. During rainy season, planting shall be done on raised beds.
Before planting, dip the roots of the seedlings in a solution containing Pseudomonas 20 g/litre for 20 minutes.
Manuring
Apply FYM or compost @25t/ha as basal dose. Trichoderma, PGPR mix 1 @2.5 kg /ha each are mixed with FYM and kept for 10-15 days at cool atmosphere. These are applied to the soil as basal dose. Top dressing can be done with any of the following manures at 7-10 days interval.
1. Soil application of fresh cowdung slurry @ 1 kg/10 litres (50 kg ha) 2. Application of biogas slurry @ 1 kg/10 litres (50 kg/ha)
3. Application of cow’s urine 500 litres/ha (8 times dilution) 4. Application of vermiwash-500 litres/ha (8 times dilution) 5. Application of vermicompost - 1 t /ha
6. Application of groundnut cake-1 kg/10 litres (50 kg/ha)
Foliar spray can be given with cowdung slurry/ vermiwash/ cow’s urine after each harvest.
After care
Give presowing irrigation, if the soil is not moist enough. Provide mulch in the field throughout the crop period with materials like green leaves, plant residues, decomposed coirpith, straw etc. During summer, irrigate at intervals of 2 to 3 days. Conduct weeding regularly and earth up rows during rainy season.
Plant protection
PestsLeaf webber and leaf roller can be controlled mechanically by collecting and destroying them. Dipel or Halt (0.7 ml/litre) can be sprayed for controlling leaf webber. Apply 4% leaf extract of neem, thevetia or clerodendron with soap water.
Diseases
Leaf spot is a serious disease in rainy season and it can be controlled to a certain extent through an integrated approach.
1. Grow leafspot resistant varieties like Co-1
2. Seed treatment with Pseudomonas 8 g/kg of seed.
3. Soil application of Trichoderma as enriched cowdung- neem cake manure.
4. One kg of fresh cowdung is put in 10 litres of water and the clear solution after filtering the supernatant liquid is sprayed at regular intervals.
5. Soil application of green manures like sunnhemp/glyricidia + neemcake (100kg/ha) +
Trichoderma (1-2 kg/ha) is found to be effective against leafspot disease.
OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus)
The three main planting seasons for okra are January-February, May-June and September-October.
Varieties
Green/light green fruited: Pusa Sawani, Kiran, Salkeerthi, Susthira, Arka Anamika Red fruited: Co-1, Aruna Yellow vein mosaic resistant /tolerant varieties : Arka Anamika, Arka Abhay, Susthira, P7, Varsha Uphar (all green fruited)
Seed rate
The seed rate is 8.5kg/ha for the summer crop sown in January -February and 7 kg/ha for kharif crop.
Storage of seeds
Packaging of okra seeds in polythene cover (700 gauges) increases the storage life upto 7 months. Seeds treated with Trichoderma and Pseudomonas can be stored upto 5 months.
Sowing
Sow the seeds at a spacing of 60 cm between rows and 45 cm between plants for
kharif crop and 60cm X 30cm for summer crop. 45cm x 45cm spacing is also found ideal.
Seed soaking in double the volume of water (Hydro priming) for 2 hours improved germination and vigour of the seeds. For the summer crop, soaking time can be prolonged for 16 hours before sowing. Seed treatment with Pseudomonas (8g/kg of seed) improve germination and vigour of seedling. Ensure sufficient moisture in the field right from the time of sowing of seeds.
Manuring
Apply lime @500 kg/ha based on the acidity of soil 15 days before sowing. Apply FYM or compost @25t/ha as basal dose. Trichoderma, PGPR mix 1 @ 2.5 kg /ha each are mixed with the FYM and keep for 15 days at cool atmosphere. These are applied to the soil as basal along with Pseudomonas @ 2 kg/ha.
Top dressing
Top dressing can be done at 10-15 days interval with any one of the following 1. Soil application of fresh cowdung slurry @ 1 kg/10 litres (50 kg/ha)
2. Application of biogas slurry @ 1 kg/10litres (50 kg/ha) 3. Application of cow’s urine 500 litres/ha (8 times dilution) 4. Application of vermiwash-500 litres/ha (8 times dilution) 5. Application of vermicompost - 1 t /ha
6. Application of groundnut cake1 kg/10 litres (50 kg/ha)
Foliar spray can be given with supernatant solution of cowdung slurry/ vermiwash/ cow’s urine upto flowering.
After care
Give pre-sowing irrigation, if the soil is not moist enough. Provide mulch in the field throughout the crop period with materials like green leaves, plant residues, decomposed coirpith, straw etc. During summer, irrigate the crop at intervals of 2 to 3 days. Conduct weeding regularly and earth up rows during rainy season.
Plant protection
Pests
The important pests are jassids, fruit and shoot borer and root knot nematode.
Jassids
Use neemoil-garlic mixture (2%) / nimbicidine(2ml/litre) / econeem(2ml/litre) / uneem(2ml/litre).
Lemongrass suspension (10%) can also be used for the control.
Fruit and shoot borer
1. Remove and destroy affected shoots and fruits
2. Spray with neem kernel suspension (5%)/ ginger suspension (10%)/ neem leaf extract (4%)
3. Use Trichogramma chilonis and Trichogramma japonicum @1 card each/5 cents followed by Bacillus thuringiensis spray (Delphin/Bioasp/Halt-0.7ml/litre)
4. Apply Beauveria bassiana 10% WP
Bhindi leaf roller
1. Collect and destroy the leaf rolls 2. Apply Beauveria bassiana 10% WP
Root knot nematode
1. Apply neem leaves or Eupatorium leaves @ 250 g/plant in basins one week prior to planting and water daily. The effect of this treatment persists upto 75 days after sowing in summer season.
2. Apply neem cake/castor cake @ 1 t/ha or growing of marigold (trapcrop) in between okra plants.
3. Seed treatment with Bacillus macerans @ 3% w/w (2.5 kg/ha) and in heavily infested area, seed treatment with B. macerans @ 3% w/w and drenching with B. macerans @ 3% solution 30 days after sowing.
Diseases
Yellow vein mosaic
Vein clearing and vein chlorosis of leaves are the characteristic symptoms. The yellow network of vein is very conspicuous and veins and veinlets are thickened. Fruit become small and yellowish green in colour. Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and leaf hopper (Amrasca
biguttula) are the vectors of this virus. Spraying neemoil-garlic mixture (2%)or nimbicidine/
econeem/ uneem (2ml/litre). Use of disease resistant varieties (Arka Anamika, Arka Abhay and Susthira) and destruction of host weeds (Croton sparsiflora and Ageratum sp.) are also effective.