Contrastación de hipotesis

Similar to Chapter Six, this section further explains the process of content analysis in terms of the literature selected, the conceptual research approaches used and the main points, as distinct from the general illustration in Chapter Four. While section 4.4 focuses on the sampling method (purposive sampling) and coding, this part presents the detailed findings of the content analysis (see Table 7.1) and clarifies how it underpins the definition, historical development and values of Taoism. The data is sourced from books and journals which are relevant to Taoism (i.e its definition, clarification, development and critique). Twenty-nine works are selected using purposive sampling, including 14 journal articles and 15 books (eight in Chinese). Twenty-five of these are typical cases, two are critical cases and two books are categorised as both typical cases and critical cases.

As discussed in section 4.4.5, this chapter adopts three conceptual research approaches, which are, theme one, Defining concepts, theme three, Historical analysis of concepts, and theme nine, Synthesising concepts. The selected works are carefully read and re-read with notes taken. The notes refer to the definition of Taoism, as well as its origin, development, and values. Then the notes are analysed, revised and categorised into sub-units. The process is repeated until no more sub-units could be found. Following the analysis of relevant notes, no commonly agreed definition of Taoism is able to be generated, so the most suitable one (Taoism Philosophy) is adopted for this study. This leads to a concentration on Taoist Philosophy for the historical analysis of Taoism. Since there is a long tradition of debate in respect to Taoist values, the classical works are emphasised as a means of synthetizing those values.

Table 7.1 Details of content analysis of Confucianism

Author(s) Book/ Journal Article

Title Year Conceptual Research Approaches Used

Main Points Typical Case(TC)/ Critical Case(CC)

Ames,R.T. Journal article

Taoism and the Nature of Nature

1986 One, five Introduce Taoism and discuss its ideas on Nature

TC

Chang,C. Y.

Book Creativity and Taoism:A study of Chinese philosophy, art and poetry

2011 One, three Review the study of Taoism in terms of its philosophy, art and poetry relating to creativity TC Cheng,C. Y. Journal article On the Environmental Ethics of the Tao and the Ch’i

1986 One, five, six

Critique the Western environmental ethics and advocate the Taoist ideas

CC Cheng,H., &Schweitz er,J.C. Journal article Cultural values reflected in Chinese and US television commercials

1996 Eight, nine Synthesise Chinese cultural values and how they are reflected in television advertisements

TC

Clarke,J.J. Book The Tao of the West: Western Transformations of Taoist Thought

2002 One, three, six, eight

Introduce Taoism to the West world with regards

to its

definition,development,id eas and transformation

TC

Creel,H.G. Book What is Taoism and other studies in Chinese cultural history

1982 One, three, four

Discuss what Taoism is and its scope as well as the three schools of Taoism TC/CC Fan,Y. Journal article A Classification of Chinese Culture

2000 Four, nine Synthesise and make a classification of Chinese cultural values

Ip,P.K. Journal article

Taoism and the foundations of environmental ethics

1983 One, five, eight

Present the knowledge of Taoism addressing on its philosophical underpinnings for environmental ethics TC Laozi Book(in Chinese) Laozi(Tao and Te Ching) Old times One, two, five

Explain the core concepts of Tao,Te,Wu Wei and so on as well as the philosophy of actions TC Liezi Book(in Chinese) Liezi Old times One, three, five

Develop Taoism and illustrate it by using stories

TC

Miller,J. Book Taoism and Nature

2003 One, three Explore the understanding of Nature in Taoism and the implications for ecology

TC Munro,D.J . Book Individualism and holism:Studies in Confucian and Taoist values 1985 Two, three, four

Explore the Confucian and Taoist values historically focusing on individualism and holism

TC Qu,A. Journal article(in Chinese) Traditional Chinese environmental ethics and sustainable development 2008 Three, eight, ten

Explore the relationship between traditional Chinese environmental ethics and sustainable tourism TC Ren,J.and Liu,X. Book(in Chinese) The cultural illustration of environmental ethics: traditional Chinese wisdom 2004 Three, eight, nine, ten

Historically analysis the Chinese environmental ethics and its implications for sustainable development TC Sabelli,H. Journal article The Union of Opposites: From Taoism to Process Theory 1998 One, two, nine, ten

Explore the coexistence of opposites and how they work with the presentation of Tao as social philosophy relating to process theory

Saso,M.R. Book Taoism and the rite of cosmic renewal

1990 One, three, eight

Review the development of Taoism and its philosophy TC Sylvan,R., &Bennett, D. Journal article

Taoism and Deep Ecology

1988 One, two, ten

Compare the philosophy of Taoism and deep ecology and discuss how Taoism can contribute to deep ecology TC Wang,J. Journal article(in Chinese) The impact of Taoism on ecotourism in China

2009 One, ten Investigate the impact of Taoism on ecotourism in China with regards to philosophical guidelines TC Wang,J.an d Stringer,L. A. Journal article The impact of Taoism on Chinese leisure 2000 One, two, ten

Discuss the similarities and differences in understanding and practising leisure

TC

Weber,M. Book The Religion of China, Confucianism and Taoism 1951 One, two, three Introduce Confucianism and Taoism and review their development historically

TC

Welch,H. Book Taoism: The parting of the way

1966 One, three Introduce the development of Taoism and explore the main concepts and ideas of it

TC Xiao,J.and Li,J. Book An outline history of Chinese philosophy 2008 One, two, three, five

Review the historical development of Chinese philosophy in terms of man’s cognition of nature, society and ideological trends TC/CC Xiao,S.and Yang,D. Journal article The measurement of traditional Chinese culture: theoretic proposal

2002 Four, eight Investigate traditional Chinese culture and propose a conceptual framework of its measurement

Yang,C.K. Book Religion in Chinese society: A study of contemporary social functions of religion and some of their historical factors 1961 Two, three, five

Historically review the Chinese religions including Confucianism, Taoism and Chinese Buddhism as well as their social functions

TC

Yin,L.C. Journal article

Do traditional values still exist in modern Chinese

societies?

2003 One, ten Identify traditional Chinese cultural values and evaluate them in modern Chinese society

CC

Zhang,Q. Book Traditional Chinese Culture

2007 One, two, three

A detail introduction of traditional Chinese culture including the philosophy, art, religion and so on. TC Zhao,C.an d Shan,A. Journal article (in Chinese) “Acting Naturally”and environment protection

2001 One, ten Examine the ecological ethics of Taoism including “Acting Naturally” and “Wu Wei” TC Zhao,Y. Journal article (in Chinese) “Unity of Human and Nature” in Taoism and sustainable tourism

2008 One, ten Explore the Taoist thought of “Unity of Human and Nature” and its implication for tourism development

TC

Zhuangzi Book (in Chinese)

Zhuangzi Old times

One, five Develop the Tao of Laozi and the philosophy of cosmos and life