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 Hot summers and Mild winters

This covers almost whole of Punjab, most of interior Sindh, and central and eastern Balochistan.

The climate is characterized by hot (32-40° C) summers. Summers are longer than winters.

In Upper Indus Plain thunderstorms form during March-April. Rate of

evapotranspiration is high and hot winds are common during May-June. Rainfall mainly occurs through monsoons but convectional rainfall also occurs in March and September.

Precipitation is only in form of rain. There is a

38 Chapter 2: Climate of Pakistan difference of temperature between day and

night (this gives maximum and minimum temperatures in the day). A large daily range of temperature exists. Also there is a

difference in temperature between sun and shade. Temperatures are high as Sun is

directly above Tropic of Cancer, altitude is low and there is no moderating influence of the sea

Mild (10-21° C) winters exist. Rainfall is mainly through Western Depressions and is in form of mostly rain except for few northern hilly areas where snow can occur. There is a difference of temperature between day and night (this gives maximum and minimum temperatures in the day). A large daily range of temperature exists. Also there is a

difference in temperature between sun and shade. Temperatures are mild because altitude is low, Sun is away at Tropic of Capricorn and that there is no moderating influence of any large water body

There is generally decreasing rainfall as we move down the Indus Plains, and also decreasing rainfall if we move from east to west in Balochistan

 Warm Summers and Mild Winters This includes the entire coastal belt of Pakistan. Warm summers (21-32° C) exist.

Summers are longer than winters.

Precipitation is in form of rain only and comes from Arabian Sea wing of Monsoons affecting the Sindh coast. There is a difference of temperature between day and night (this gives maximum and minimum temperatures in the day). A large daily range of temperature exists. Also there is a difference in

temperature between sun and shade.

Temperatures are less hot than the Indus Plain because of the influence of the sea which counteracts the influence of the Sun.

Sun is directly above Tropic of Cancer, which is near the coast but its effect is nullified by the moderating influence of the Arabian Sea.

The altitude is low too

Mild winters (10-21° C) exist due to moderating affect of sea as explained on previous pages. Also this area is closer to Tropic of Capricorn, around end of the year 21^st December. Also since altitude is low the temperature rarely plummets below freezing.

Precipitation is in form of rain only. Rainfall occurs through Western Depressions in the Makran coast

It is interesting to know that the Monsoon does not affect the coastal areas of

Balochistan. This is because the coastal areas of Makran are preceded by Makran Coastal Range and other ranges, which form the Balochistan Plateau. Since these ranges have high altitude, the temperature persisting there in summers is low as compared to interior Sindh and Punjab thus a very low air pressure doesn’t develop in interior

Balochistan and thus monsoon clouds do not affect that area while Western Depressions coming in from the opposite side do affect the Makran Coast. There is a difference of temperature between day and night (this gives maximum and minimum temperatures in the day). A large daily range of temperature exists. Also there is a difference in

temperature between sun and shade

Chapter 2: Climate of Pakistan 39

 Warm Summers and Cool Winters This includes part of Balochistan Plateau, Chagai Hills and beyond, the areas of high altitude in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.

Warm summers (21-32° C) exist. In summers, rainfall comes to parts of

Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa from monsoons and convection like in Peshawar. Thunderstorms are also common. Precipitation is mainly in form of rain and rarely in form of snow. There is a difference of temperature between day and night (this gives maximum and minimum temperatures in the day). A large daily range of temperature exists. Also there is a

difference in temperature between sun and shade. These areas are relatively colder than Indus Plain because of their height.

Winters are longer than the summers, and are cool (5-10° C). Rainfall is received throughout these areas from Western Depressions and is mainly in form of snow on mountain tops and valleys. Precipitation is in form of snow because of low temperatures, which are caused by high altitude. Sometimes

precipitation is in the form of rain in valleys.

There is a difference of temperature between day and night (this gives maximum and minimum temperatures in the day). A large daily range of temperature exists. Also there is a difference in temperature between sun and shade

Generally as we move south rainfall decreases from 250mm to 125mm because during the way rain systems lose most of their moisture due to the increasing distance

 Warm Summers and Cold Winters This includes a small part of Balochistan Plateau, parts of Waziristan Hills, Safed Koh Ranges, almost whole of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan

These are areas of very high altitude where the mountain tops (above 4000m) are below freezing in winters and in summers too. As altitude increases temperature plummets. For every 100m rise in altitude there is an average drop of 1°C fall in temperature in Pakistan.

There is a difference of temperature between day and night (this gives maximum and minimum temperatures in the day). A large daily range of temperature exists. Also there is a difference in temperature between sun and shade. Temperatures are relatively cooler than the Indus Plain because of the

decreasing influence of the Sun; as we are moving away from the Tropic of Cancer. So here Sun’s rays strike at an oblique angle and transfer less of their solar energy in the form of heat

Winters are longer than the summers. Warm summers (21-32° C) exist and precipitation is mainly in form of rain in summers. In

Northern Mountains rain come from

monsoons and convection in summers while Western Depressions bring rain in winters.

Some areas in Karakorum receive less rainfall due to being rain shadow areas

Cold winters (0-5° C) exist and precipitation is mainly in form of snow in both valleys and mountain tops. There is a difference of temperature between day and night (this gives maximum and minimum temperatures in the day). A large daily range of temperature

40 Chapter 2: Climate of Pakistan exists. Also there is a difference in

temperature between sun and shade

Chapter 2: Climate of Pakistan 41 Fig2.15