REGION CALETA INTERACCION LOBERA DISTANCIA (Km)
5.4 COSTOS Y BENEFICIOS DE NUEVAS TECNOLOGÍAS
Again, remember that in questions about text structure, general is (generally) better than super-‐specific. Pay attention also to the word “primary” -‐-‐ what is the MAIN effect, or the MAIN purpose of this internal dialogue? A may be half-‐plausible (it’s possible that the author wants to portray Bluebell as a sympathetic character, though from the gently mocking tone it’s fairly clear this isn’t entirely the case) but surely the second clause of the sentence (“invites the reader to admire her master
plan”) will make it easy to scratch A, as Bluebell’s plan is fairly foolish and trades heavily in antiquated stereotypes about femininity.
B is plausible too, but not entirely likely -‐-‐ after all, the question asks about the PRIMARY effect of the internal dialogue. We may be invited to roll our eyes a little bit at Bluebell, but it is unlikely that the author would have written this piece specifically to make fun of the main character as this is a fairly big waste of
everyone’s time and makes for a less than enjoyable reading experience. So while this could have been a plausible choice had the question not been asking about the PRIMARY effect of this dialogue, it isn’t entirely likely to be the main reason the author uses this literary device. C, again, is a nice general answer and entirely true -‐-‐ this sets Bluebell up to probably revise her thinking, and also gives us a source of conflict / tension, which help propel the plot forward. D is unlikely; there is certainly a love interest, but it’s hard to say what will ensue between Bluebell and Charming, especially considering that she is about to (probably) go through some very intense changes to her worldview. So again, the general answer that focuses on the CRAFT -‐-‐ the underlying structure -‐-‐ of a story rather than a specific element of the story.
Expository Texts
Expository texts will make up the bulk of the passages on the new SAT, so it’s important to understand how their structures will affect their content. As discussed in a previous article, there are multiple types of expository text structures, and several ways to determine what they are. Sometimes texts will fall into easy-‐to-‐spot structures (chronological, cause and effect, compare and contrast), all of which are briefly reviewed here. But there are multiple devices that authors use to frame arguments and ideas that don’t necessarily fit into these three neat categories, or that utilize elements from one or more of them in order to effectively establish a claim. Those will be reviewed as well.
Chronology
A piece that is structured chronologically or sequentially will have all sorts of “time” words to indicate the sequence of events: first, last, second, last Tuesday, then, afterwards, before. Writers often use this type of structure to frame a journalistic piece whose purpose is to accurately convey information in the order in which it happened. This is useful in pieces about current events (or historical events), where dates and times are very important as they influence whatever will happen next. For example, check out this article on the history of space exploration, from
aerospace.org. As you read, make note of all the chronological signal words:
Humans have dreamed about spaceflight since antiquity. The Chinese used rockets for ceremonial and military purposes centuries ago, but only in
the latter half of the 20th century were rockets developed that were powerful enough to overcome the force of gravity to reach orbital velocities that could open space to human exploration.
As often happens in science, the earliest practical work on rocket engines designed for spaceflight occurred simultaneously during the early 20th
century in three countries by three key scientists: in Russia, by Konstantin
Tsiolkovski; in the United States, by Robert Goddard; and in Germany, by Hermann Oberth.
In the 1930s and 1940s Nazi Germany saw the possibilities of using long-‐ distance rockets as weapons. Late in World War II, London was attacked by 200-‐mile-‐range V-‐2 missiles, which arched 60 miles high over the English Channel at more than 3,500 miles per hour.
After World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union created their own
missile programs. On October 4, 1957, the Soviets launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, into space. Four years later on April 12, 1961, Russian Lt. Yuri Gagarin became the first human to orbit Earth in Vostok 1. His flight
lasted 108 minutes, and Gagarin reached an altitude of 327 kilometers (about 202 miles).
The first U.S. satellite, Explorer 1, went into orbit on January 31, 1958. In
1961 Alan Shepard became the first American to fly into space. On February 20, 1962, John Glenn’s historic flight made him the first American to orbit
Earth.
“Landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to Earth within a decade” was a national goal set by President John F. Kennedy in 1961. On July
20, 1969, Astronaut Neil Armstrong took “a giant step for mankind” as he
stepped onto the moon. Six Apollo missions were made to explore the moon between 1969 and 1972.
Recognizing these signal words will help you better understand the structure of the text -‐-‐ and will also help you to answer questions that ask specifically about a sequence of events. For example, a question may ask you about the first person to enter space, the first American to orbit Earth, the first person to step on the moon -‐-‐ all distinct characters. You will have to pay attention to the signal words and the dates in order to answer those questions accurately. A question about the structure of the text may ask you something like:
Why does the author choose to introduce the article with the example of ancient Chinese ceremonial rockets?
A, These were the first rockets into space, and as such they are notable and