Creación de la marca ciudad: Proceso y modelo

New layout for calculating renewable energy

Determining the portion of renewable energy in municipal waste incineration plants is difficult due to the inhomogeneity of the fuel. One problem is the lack of a workable protocol for sampling and analysis of the extent of the inhomogeneity. However, since many years of research have already been carried out into the composition of waste in the Netherlands, the energy and carbon content, and the associated biomass fraction of waste streams burned in municipal waste incineration plants (MWIPs) can be determined from well-known data. From the biomass fraction, a fixed percentage of renewable energy for all MWIPs in the Netherlands can be calculated.

Calculating the percentage of renewable energy from MWIPs happens in four steps, each of which is described here. The steps are summarised in table B3.1, which also shows from which sources the information for the different waste streams in each of the steps is taken. Table B3.1: Steps for calculating the renewable share in municipal waste

incineration

Step Description of step Household

waste*

Other waste

1 Amount per waste stream WAR WAR

2 Breakdown of components Sorting analyses Monitoring protocol 3 Amount of energy per component Monitoring protocol Monitoring protocol 4 Renewable energy share per component Monitoring protocol Monitoring protocol 5 Amount of energy from incinerated

waste

6 Amount of renewable energy from incinerated waste

7 Renewable energy share

*This refers to the portion of municipal waste (EURAL 20.03.01) that comes from households

For household and other waste the various steps will be discussed separately.

Household waste

Step 1

The Waste Registration Working Group (Werkgroep Afvalregistratie - WAR) reports annually on the quantities of incinerated household waste. This occurs in summer and covers the previous calendar year. In accordance with Eural code 20.03.01 household waste only means household waste streams mixed with municipal waste.

Step 2

The composition of household waste is stipulated by means of sorting analyses. To this end, a representative sample is taken annually from the domestic waste of 1,100 addresses in the Netherlands. This waste is sorted into components, and the totals are considered a reflection of the average composition of household waste in the Netherlands. This appears in the “Composition of household waste” reports, produced for different years by NL Agency. The published figures are a 3-year average. That means that for 2008, the average for 2007 is used, i.e. the average for the years 2006, 2007 and 2008.

As the 3-year average for 2008 was not available at the moment the statistics were

published, the sorting analyses is therefore 1 year behind the quantities reported. Table B3.2 shows how the components in the different studies compare with each other.

The division of components in the sorting analyses is limited to household waste directly from households. Using post-separation, some components are removed from household waste.

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The relation of the portions of components will therefore change. If necessary, these post- separation activities will be taken into account (for example, plastic packaging)30_.

The most recent data for 2004 are shown by component in table B3.3. The categories other combustible and non-combustible are not used; for combustible however it is possible to use the sum of textiles and residual waste, and for non-combustible, glass, metal, white and brown goods, masonry and small chemical waste (‘KCA’ - e.g. batteries, cleaning products, etc). Organic waste is defined in the sorting analysis as garden and kitchen remains (‘GFT’), plus an indefinable remainder. These aggregated figures are reflected in table B3.2.

Step 3

The NCV (net calorific value, or energy content) of household waste is the sum of the fractions of the components multiplied by the NCV of each component. This is the average NCV of the Dutch household waste for a given year.

Table B3.3 shows the NCV of the different components. It also shows the carbon fraction and the biomass carbon fraction of the component. Source: NL Agency 2008.

Step 4

To find the total biomass NCV, the component share is first multiplied by the NCV of the component and the biomass share of the NCV. Then all the contributions of each component are added together. This is the part of the NCV that is attributable to biomass in Dutch household waste for a given year.

Other waste

Step 1

The Waste Registration Working Group (Werkgroep Afvalregistratie - WAR) reports annually on the quantities of incinerated waste. This occurs in year following the reporting year. Step 2

The various waste streams are divided into 6 standard materials for which data are known. The standard materials are: paper and carton, organic, wood, plastics, other, and non- combustible. The breakdown is shown in table B3.4.

Step 3

The NCV per waste stream is the sum per waste stream of the fraction of each standard material multiplied by the NCV of each standard material. The NCV of the standard materials is shown in table B3.5. This is the average NCV of the waste stream.

Step 4

The biomass NCV per waste stream is the sum per waste stream of the fraction of each standard material multiplied by the biomass NCV of each standard material. The biomass NCVs of the standard materials are shown in table B3.5.

All waste

Step 5

To obtain the total energy content, the NCV is multiplied by the amount of the waste stream, for each waste stream. These are then added together. The energy content of the household waste is hereby also taken into account.

Step 6

For the total biomass energy content, the biomass NCV is multiplied by the amount of the waste stream, for each waste stream. These are added together.

Step 7

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From the relation between the renewable energy content of all waste together, and the total energy content of the waste (renewable + non-renewable) the percentage of renewable energy from incinerated waste can be calculated.

The NCV of incinerated waste is then the total energy content of incinerated waste divided by the total mass of incinerated waste.

Table B3.2: Conversion table between sorting analysis components and NCV list

NCV Sorting analysis

Components Components Vegetable, fruit and

garden waste

=Vegetable, fruit and garden waste total – indefinable

Indefinable waste =Indefinable waste Paper (excl. nappies) =Paper total - nappies Nappies =Nappies

Plastics =Plastics total

Glass =Glass total

Ferrous =ferrous total

Non-ferrous =non-ferrous total

Textiles =textile Small chemical waste = Small chemical waste

Wood =other wood

Other, waste =other waste Other, EEA =other EEA Other, stony =other stony Non-combustible n/a

Table B3.3: NCV list per component NCV NCV biomass Moisture content Sorting fractions (MJ/kg) (MJ/kg) (weight%) Vegetable, fruit

and garden waste 5.8 5.1 50.9

Indefinable 3.8 3.4 47.9 Paper (excl. nappies) 10.2 8.9 38.8 Nappies 7.1 3.6 59.2 Plastics 23 4.6 17.7 Glass 0 0 0 Ferrous 0 0 0 Non-ferrous 0 0 0 Textiles 15.9 0 18.5 Small chemical waste 0 0 0 Wood 14.2 13.2 22.8 Other, waste 7.4 0 4.5 Other, EEA 16.4 0 13.5 Other, stony 0 0 0

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Table B3.4: Division of standard materials per waste category

combustible Waste category p a p e r, ca rt o n w o o d o rg a n ic p la st ic s o th e r N o n - co m b u st ib le b d b Household

waste household waste Annual via sorting analysis

large waste 4% 28% 11% 16% 14% 27%

Commercial

waste Commercial waste 25% 4% 34% 12% 15% 10%

Agricultural waste 100%

Non-hazardous industrial waste, 25% 4% 34% 12% 15% 10% Non-hazardous hospital waste 100% 0% Post-separation

waste materials separated waste Equal to household waste

Other waste Tyres 30% 70%

Building and demolition waste,

other 8% 55% 0% 14% 23% 0%

Cleaning services waste 9% 2% 80% 9% 0% 0% composting/digesting residues 60% 0% 0% 40% Non-hazardous MWIP residues 25% 4% 34% 12% 15% 10%

Drinking water residues 64% 0% 0% 36%

Shredder waste, total 35% 10% 20% 20% 7% 8%

Sludge from communal SWPs 64% 0% 0% 35%

other waste Equal to household waste Hazardous

other waste or not specified,

hazardous 100% 0%

Hazardous MWIP residues 100% 0%

Hazardous hospital waste 100% 0%

Table B3.5: NCV of standard materials

Combustible paper,

carton

wood organic _{plastics other combustible}Non-

NCV MJ/kg 10 14 3 33 15 0

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