3. METODOLOGÍA DE INVESTIGACIÓN
3.8. Representación gráfica de la información – análisis e interpretación
4.8.1. Público Interno perteneciente a la parroquia de El Quinche
4.8.1.1. Encuesta a los ciudadanos de El Quinche
Acronym Explanation or abbreviation
MWIP Municipal waste incineration plant SWP Sewage water purification plant
BAK Basisonderzoek Aardgasverbruik Kleinverbruikers (Investigation of Natural Gas Use of Private Consumers)
CBS Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (Statistics Netherlands) CE Centrum voor Energiebesparing (Centre for Energy Saving) CEN European Committee for Standardisation
COP Coefficient of performance, the relation between useful heat and energy consumption for specified business conditions
CPB Centraal Planbureau (Central Planning Office)
DEN Duurzame Energie Nederland (Renewable Energy Netherlands), a programme of NL Agency
DHW Domestic hot water
DTO-chemie Duurzame Technologische Ontwikkeling (Renewable Technology Devlopment)
EC European Commission
ECN Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands EEA Electrical and electronic appliances
ER Emissions Registration
EZ (Minsterie van) Economische Zaken (Ministry of Economic Affairs) GFT Groente-, fruit- en tuinafval (Vegetable, fruit and garden waste) LHW Largw household waste
GO Guarantee of Origin
HT High temperature
IEA International Energy Agency
KCA ‘Klein Chemisch Afval’ (Small chemical waste, e.g. batteries, etc)
LT Low temperature
MJV Milieujaarverslag (Environmental annual report)
NEH Nederlandse Energiehuishouding (Netherlands Energy Housekeeping) NEN Nederlandse Normalisatie instituut (Dutch Standardisation institute) NOx Generic name for oxides of nitrogen
NP Non-process-related waste
NTA Nederlandse Technische Afspraken (Dutch Technical Agreements) REM Protocol Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol
PV Photovoltaic RECS Renewable Energy Certificate System RED Renewable Energy Directive
RIVM Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment)
SPF Seasonal Performance Factor, relation useful useful heat and energy used during heating and cooling seasons
SHC Solar Heating and Cooling Programme (IEA) Statline Online data bank of Statistics Netherlands TDU Total domestic usage
VA Vereniging Afvalbedrijven (Association of Waste Companies)
VROM (Ministerie van) Volksgezondheid, Ruimtelijke Ordening and Milieu (Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment)
WAR Werkgroep Afval Registratie (Waste Registration Working Group)
Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol - 2010 66
List of Symbols
Symbol Name Unit
ß quality factor -
ßcold ßheat Usable factor cooling/heating -
] (avoided) emissions kg CO2
]net avoided CO2emissions kg CO2
\ (conversion) efficiency -
\e,A electrical conversion efficiency, ‘at production’ (based on exergy);
-
\e,B electrical conversion efficiency, delivered to end user (based on exergy);
-
\ref efficiency reference technology -
[cold [heat Ground water fraction w.r.t. cooling/heating
A collector surface area m2
Akey key figure natural gas saving per unit m3(standard cubic metre gas) Asupp Natural gas use as supplementary
energy
MJ/year
Atot total biogas production MJ/yr (or m3/yr) Anet net biogas production MJ/yr (or m3/yr)
B Fuel content ton
Be energy content fuel (total fuel content) MJ
c specific heat water KJ/kg.ºC
C Installed capacity MW
Cin constant for calculating contribution of solar thermal energy
COP Coefficient of performance
D Debit m3/year
Dz Installed capacity kW
E energy(production), as electricity, heat or fuel
KWh or GJ Ebe contribution of renewable to energy
gross end use
GJ
Ee generated electricity GWh
EN(norm) Standardised electricity in year N GWh Eprim saving in primary energy GJ Eprim,sts saving in primary energy per solar
thermal energy system
GJ Ekey key figure electricity consumption per
unit
KWh Ekey, cold Key figure avoided primary energy
consumption for cold application in the case of ground-source energy
MJ/m3
Ekey, heat Key figure avoided primary energy consumption in the case of ground- source energy
MJ/m3
e emissions factor kg CO2/GJprim
eelecCO2 average emissions factor for electricity power stations
kg CO2/GJprim eelecCO2end emissions factor for electricity delivered
to the end user
kg CO2/kwhe eelecCO2prod emissions factor for electricity on the
production side
kg CO2/kwhe egasCO2 emissions factor for the burning of
natural gas
Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol - 2010 67
EcoalCO emissions factor for the burning of coal kg CO2/GJprim
f Loss factor
F Fossil fuel content MJ
G Solar radiation MJ/m2
h renewable percentage of waste %
m Mass water flow Kg/hr
NCV net calorific value (combustion value) GJ/ton
P Capacity -
S Substitution factor biomass -
SPFhSPFw Seasonal performance factor space heating / DHW
-
Th Temperature hot source ºC
Tc Temperature cold source ºC
Q Heat production GJ/year
Qkey key figure heat production per unit MJ Qin Required electrical capacity heat pumps MJ/yr Qhp,h Heat delivered by a heat pump for space
heating
GJ/year Qhp,w Heat delivered by a heat pump for DHW GJ/year
V Full-load hours hour
VhVw Full-load hours space heating/DHW hour Vtotal Annual groundwater flow = flow for
heating per year + flow for cooling per year
m3/year
Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol - 2010 69
FACT SHEETS
IntroductionThis document outlines, by renewable energy technology, how the associated energy
contribution is calculated, according to the methodology in the Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol (2010 version).
The aim of these fact sheets is, by way of examples, to improve the understanding of the methodology of the Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol, which forms the basis of the monitoring of renewable energy developments in the Netherlands. They can also be used as a first indication of the yield of renewable energy projects. It must be noted however, that the fact sheets assume certain standard situations (year, project time, etc.). The calculations in these fact sheets have been made for 2008, because all data are available for this year. When determining the actual contribution, the most current data available must be used. The
methodologies shown in the protocol and in these fact sheets can be also used for future calculations. In such cases a number of key figures must be adopted (such as the national average efficiency of electrical power stations).
When making calculations for specific renewable energy projects, always check first whether the main assumptions apply. If this is not the case, then calculations must be adapted to the specific circumstances.
NL Agency tries to perform all its calculations for present and future renewable energy monitoring according to the present protocol and the fact sheets. It expects that this protocol will become a reference for others in the Netherlands involved with renewable energy calculations. If calculations deviate from the key figures laid down in this protocol, then it must be explicitly noted that they were not carried it out in accordance with the protocol. The table below gives the basic assumptions for the calculations in the fact sheets. Table F1 Basic assumptions used in fact sheet calculations (Monitoring)
name: abbreviation assumption:
reference year 2008
efficiency of electricity power stations
- mix – at production \e,A 42.7%
- mix - delivered to end user \e,B: 40.8 % CO2emissions factor
- electricity power stations, avg. eelecCO2 68.9 kg CO2/GJprim - burning natural gas egasCO2 56.7 kg CO2/GJprim - burning coal EcoalCO2 94.7 kg CO2/GJprim - electricity production EelecCO2prod 0.581 kg CO2/kwhe - electricity delivered to end user EelecCO2end 0.608 kg CO2/kwhe
Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol - 2010 70
hydropower abbreviation units and formulas
installed capacity C In MW
key figure full-load hours V 2,700 h/yr electricity production in year
i
Eei or Eei = C*V
in GWh via measurement (monitoring): via calculation (future project) MWh/yr = installed capacity (MW) * key figure full- load hours (h/yr)
reference year N standardised electricity in year N EN(norm) =3.6* CN*
/15
,
14 − = N N iCi
i
Ee
in GWh 3.6 *installed capacity (MW) *standardisation factor (GWh/MW) (the average of 15 years generated electricity in year i GWh)/ installed capacity in year i MW)
efficiency of electricity power stations (mix, at production)
\e,A A. Substitution method
renewable energy
contribution expressed in avoided primary energy
avoided primary energy in 2008
Eprim =
EN(norm)*3.6/ \e,A
avoided primary energy (TJprim/yr) = standardised electricity production (GWh) * conversion factor (TJ/GWh) / efficiency of electricity power stations (mix-at production)
Eprim (TJprim/yr) = EN(norm) (GWh/yr) * 3.6 (TJ/GWh) / 0.427
avoided CO2emission
avoided CO2emissions in 2008
]net =Eprim * eelecCO2 avoided CO2 emissions (kg CO2/yr) = Eprim (GJprim/yr) * CO2emissions factor electricity power station (kg CO2/GJprim)
]net (kg CO2/yr) = Eprim (GJprim/yr) * 68,9 (kg CO2/GJprim) A. Example for 2008. C2008 = C2007 to C1990 37 MW Ee1994 Ee1995 Ee1996 Ee1997 Ee1998 Ee1999 Ee2000 Ee2001 Ee2002 Ee2003 Ee2004 Ee2005 Ee2006 Ee2007 Ee2008 100 GWh 88 GWh 80 GWh 92 GWh 112 GWh 90 GWh 142 GWh 117 GWh 110 GWh 72 GWh 95 GWh 88 GWh 105 GWh 107 GWh 102 GWh
Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol - 2010 71 E2008(norm) = CN*
/15
,
14 − = N N iCi
i
Ee
37 MW * 40.54 GWh/MW /15 =100 GWh renewable energy contribution expressed in avoided primary energyEprim = 3.6*EN(norm) /
\e,A
3.6 TJ/GWh * 100 GWh* / 0.427 = 843 TJ
avoided CO2emissions ]net =Eprim * eelecCO2 843*103GJ* 68.9 kg CO2/GJ = 58,088,993 kg CO2= 58 kton CO2/yr B. EU renewable energy
directive
renewable energy
contribution expressed in gross end use
gross end use in 2008
Ebe = 3.6EN(norm) =3.6* CN*
/15
,
14 − = N N iCi
i
Ee
gross end use (TJ) = 3.6 * standardised electricity (GWh) = 3.6 *installed capacity (MW) * standardisation factor (GWh/MW) (average of 15 years generated electricity in year i GWh)/ installed capacity in year i MW)
N reference year
EN(norm) standardised electricity in year N in GWh Eei electricity production in year i in GWh Ci total installed capacity in MW
B. Example for 2008
Ebe 3.6* 37MW *40.54 GWh/MW / 15 =360 TJ
Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol - 2010 72
Wind energy Abbreviation units and formulas
installed capacity in year i
Cj MW
key figure full-load hours V Onshore: 2,200 h/yr Offshore: 3,650 h/yr electricity production in year i Eei or Eei = Cj *V in GWh via measurement (monitoring):
via calculation (future project) MWh/yr = installed capacity (MW) * key figure full-load hours (h/yr) reference year N standardised electricity in year N EN(norm)=
+
+
− = − − = − N n N J j j N n N i i e N NC
C
E
C
C
2
*
2
1 , 1 in GWh =average installed capacity over 2 years (MW) * sum of 5 years generated electricity (GWh) / average of 5 years installed capacity (MW)
N 4, or the number of years
preceding the year N for which capacity and production data are available, if that number is lower Efficiency of electricity
power stations (mix, at production) \e,A A. Substitution method renewable energy contribution expressed in avoided primary energy avoided primary energy in 2008
Eprim = EN(norm)*3.6 / \e,A standardised electricity production (GWh) * conversion factor (TJ/GWh) / efficiency of electricity power stations (mix, at production)
Eprim (TJprim/yr) =
EN(norm)(GWh/yr) * 3.6 (TJ/GWh) / 0.427
avoided CO2emissions
avoided CO2emissions in 2008
]net = Eprim * eelecCO2 Eprim (GJprim/yr) * CO2emissions factor for electricity power stations (kg CO2/GJprim)
kg CO2/yr) = Eprim (GJprim/yr) * 68.9 (kg CO2/GJprim)
Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol - 2010 73 Example A for 2008 C2003 C2004 C2005 C2006 C2007 C2008 906 MW 1073 MW 1224 MW 1558 MW 1748 MW 2121 MW Ee2004 Ee2005 Ee2006 Ee2007 Ee2008 1867 GWh 2067 GWh 2733 GWh 3438 GWh 4256 GWh EN(norm) 1934,5 (MW) *14361 (GWh) / 7116.5 MW = 3904 GWh renewable energy contribution expressed in avoided primary energy
Eprim = EN(norm)*3.6 / \e,A 3904GWh* 3.6 TJ/MWh / 0.427 = 32,913 TJ/yr
avoided CO2emissions ]net = Eprim * eelecCO2 32,913*103GJ/yr* 68.9 kg CO2/GJ = 2,268 kton CO2/yr B. EU renewable
energy directive renewable energy
contribution expressed in gross end use
gross end use in 2008
Ebe = 3.6EN(norm) = 3.6 *
+
+
− = − − = − N n N J j j N n N i i e N NC
C
E
C
C
2
*
2
1 , 1Gross end use (TJ) = 3.6 * Standardised electricity in year N (GWh) = 3.6 * average installed capacity over 2 years (MW) * sum of 5 years generated electricity (GWh) / average of 5 years installed capacity (MW)
N reference year
EN(norm) Standardised electricity in year N (GWh)
Eei Electricity production in year i in (GWh)
Cj Total installed capacity (MW)
n 4, or the number of years
preceding the year N for which capacity and production data are available, if that number is lower
B. Example for 2008
EN(norm) 1934.5 (MW) *14361 (GWh) / 7116.5 MW = 3904 GWh
Ebe 3.6 (TJ/GWh)*3904 (GWh) =
Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol - 2010 74
Photovoltaic solar energy abbreviation units and formulas
installed capacity C KWp
key figure full-load hours: - grid-linked systems31 - stand-alone systems V - 700 h/yr - 400 h/yr electricity production Ee or Ee=C*V
measurement (monitoring): in kWh/yr calculation : installed capacity (kWp) * key
figure full-load hours (h/yr)
A. Substitution method renewable energy contribution expressed in avoided primary energy
avoided primary energy in 2008
Eprim = Ee*3.6 /
\e,B
electricity production (kWh) * conversion factor (MJ/kWh) / electrical conversion efficiency, delivered to end user Eprim (MJprim/yr) =
Ee (kWh/yr) * 3.6 (MJ/kWh) / 0.408 avoided CO2emissions avoided CO2emissions in 2008 ]net = Ee * EelecCO2end of Eprim * EelecCO2
Ee (kWh/yr) * CO2emissions factor for electricity at end user (kg CO2/kWhe)
]net (kg CO2/yr) = Ee (kWh/yr) *0.608 kg/kWhe
A. Example for project in 2008
installed capacity C 1 kW
full-load hours V 700 h/yr
electricity production Ee = C*V 1 kW *700 h/yr = 700 kWh/yr renewable energy contribution
expressed in avoided primary energy
Eprim = Ee*3.6 /
\e,B
700 kWh/yr* 3.6 MJ/kWh / 0.408 = 6,176 MJ/yr = 6.2 GJ/yr
avoided CO2emissions ]net = Ee * EelecCO2end
6.2 GJ/yr * 68.9 kg CO2/GJprim=426 kg 700 kWh *0.608 = 426 kg CO2
B EU renewable energy directive
renewable energy contribution expressed in gross end use
gross end use in 2008
Ebe = Ee*3.6 electricity production (kWh) * conversion factor (MJ/kWh)
Ebe (MJbe/yr) = Ee (kWh/yr) * 3.6 (MJ/kWh)
B. Example for project in 2008
renewable energy contribution expressed in gross end use
Ebe = Ee*3.6 700 kWh/yr * 3.6 MJ/kWh = 2.52 GJ/yr
31The calculation method for grid-linked and stand-alone systems is the same, except for the number of full-
Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol - 2010 75
solar thermal energy systems:
a) solar thermal systems (STS)
abbreviation units and formulas
number of STS STS
key figure natural gas saving per STS
key figure in 2008
Akey - average 45% of the heat demand for DHW in households
- 165 m3natural gas per STS per year see table 4.3.1
key figure for electricity consumption per STS in 2008
Ekey 31.2 kWh/appliance/year, see table 4.3.2
A. Substitution method renewable energy contribution per STS in avoided primary energy in 2008
Eprim,sts = Akey * 31.65 – Ekey * 3.6 / \e,B
key figure for natural gas saving per unit capacity (m3/STS/yr) * net calorific value natural gas (MJprim/m3) – key figure internal electricity consumption (kWh) * 3.6 (MJ/kWh) / electrical converison efficiency delivered to end user. Eprim,sts (MJprim/yr) = 165 (m3/STS/yr) * 31.65 (MJprim/m3) – (31.2 (kWh) * 3.6 (MJ/kWh) / 0.408) = 4,947 MJ total renewable energy
contribution expressed in avoided primary energy
Eprim=STS* Eprim,sts number of solar thermal systems (#) * renewable energy contribution per STS (MJprim/yr)
avoided CO2emissions per STS ]net = [Akey * 31.65 * egasCO2] - [Ekey * eelecCO2end]
]net (g CO2/yr) = [Akey (MJprim/yr) * 31.65 (MJ/m3natural gas) * CO
2emissions for natural gas burning (g CO2/MJprim)] - [Ekey (kWh) * CO2emissions from
electricity power station at end user (kg CO2/kwhe]
A. Example for project in 2008
number of solar thermal systems
STS 1 key figure natural gas saving
per STS
Akey 165 m3/yr
key figure electricity consumption per STS
Ekey 31.2 kWh/yr
renewable energy contribution per STS in avoided primary energy. Eprim,sts = Akey *31.65– Ekey * 3.6 / \e,B 1 STS * 165 (m3/STS/yr) * 31.65 (MJprim/m3) – 31.2 (kWh) * 3.6 (MJ/kWh) / 0.408 = 4,947 MJ = 4.9 GJ
net avoided CO2emissions per STS
]net =[Akey * 31.65* egasCO2] - [Ekey *eelecCO2end] [165 m3/year * 31.65 MJ/m3* 56.7 g CO2/MJ] – [31.2 kWh * 608 g CO2/kwhe = 277 kg CO2/yr B. EU renewable energy directive
constant Cin 0.38, see table 4.3.6
collector surface area A m2
optimal solar radiation G 4.28 GJ/ m2 renewable energy contribution
in gross end use
Ebe = Cin * A * G Constant * collector surface area (m2)* optimal radiation (GJ/ m2)
B. Example for project in 2008
A 1 m2
Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol - 2010 76
actieve solar thermal systems: b) other systems
abbreviation units and formulas installed collector surface area A m2
key figure, heat production per unit capacity
Qkey MJ/m2/yr, see table 4.3.3: heat production Q = A* Qkey collector surface area (m2) * key
figure, heat production per unit capacity (MJ/m2/yr)
heat production,
expressed in avoided primary energy
Qprim = Q /\ref
heat production (MJ/yr) / generation efficiency of reference technology (see table 4.3.5)
Qprim (MJprim/yr) = Q (MJ/yr) / \ref A. Substitution method
internal energy consumption solar thermal energy system (input), expressed in primary energy
Eprim,in,STES = A * Ekey * 3,6 /
\e,B:
Collector surface area (m2) * key figure electricity consumption per unit capacity (kWh/m2/yr) * conversion factor (MJ/kWh) / efficiency of electricity power
stations (mix–delivered to end user) renewable energy contribution
expressed in avoided primary energy
Eprim= Qprim - Eprim,in,STES
natural gas saving (MJprim/yr) - internal energy consumption of solar thermal energy system (MJprim/yr) only the net energy saving is considered, i.e. the internal energy consumption of the solar thermal energy system according to the reference methodology is calculated as primary energy carriers used and subtracted from the primary heat production.
avoided CO2emissions ]net = Qprim * egasCO2] - [Eprim,in,STES * eelecCO2]
(g CO2/yr) = [heat production, prim. (MJprim/yr) * CO2emissions from natural gas burning (g CO2/MJprim)] - [internal energy consumption (MJprim/yr) * CO2emissions from electricity power station (g CO2/MJprim)]
A. Example for project in 2008
installed capacity A 100 m2uncovered system key figure, heat production per unit
capacity
Qkey 900 MJ/m2/yr key figure, electricity consumption per
unit capacity
Ekey 5 kWh/m2/yr
heat production Q = A* Qkey 100 m2* 900 MJ/m2/yr = 90 GJ/yr heat production, expressed in avoided
primary energy
Qprim = Q /\ref 90 GJ/yr / 0.90 = 100 GJ/yr internal energy consumption solar
thermal energy system (input), expressed in primary energy
Eprim,in,STES = A * Ekey * 3.6 /
\e,B:
100 m2* 5 kWh/m2/yr * 3.6 MJ/kWh / 0.408 = 4.4 GJ/yr
Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol - 2010 77
renewable energy contribution expressed in avoided primary energy
Eprim= Qprim - Eprim,in,STES
100-4 = 96 GJ/yr
net avoided CO2emissions ]net = [Qprim * egasCO2] - [Eprim,in,STES * eelecCO2]
[100 GJ/yr * 56.1 kg CO2/GJ] - [4.3 GJ/yr * 68.9 kg CO2/GJ] = 5314 kg CO2/yr = 5.3 ton CO2/yr
B EU renewable energy directive
constant Cin 0.29, see table 4.3.6
collector surface area A m2
optimal solar radiation G 4.28 GJ/ m2 total renewable energy contribution
expressed in gross end use
Ebe = Cin *A *G Constant * collector surface area (m2)* optimal radiation (GJ/ m2)
B. Example for project in 2008
A 100 m2uncovered system Ebe = Cin *A* G 0.29 * 100 * 4.28 = 124.12 GJ
Renewable Energy Monitoring Protocol - 2010 78
Geothermal abbreviatio
n units and formulas
capacity P kWth
Key figure, full-load hours Vh 5,000 h/yr
Mass water flow m kg/hr
Specific heat water c kJ/kg.ºC Temperature hot source
(ground level)
Th ºC
Temperature cold source (ground level)
Tc ºC
Heat production (MJ/yr) Qg=m*c* (Th-Tc)*Vh of
Qg=P*Vh*3.6
mass water flow (kg/hr) *specific heat
(kJ/kg.ºC)*temperature difference.(ºC)*key figure, full-load hours (h/yr)
Capacity (kWth) *key figure full-load hours (h/yr) *3.6 MJ/kW
Electrical capacity required for pumps
Qin =Qg/ cop Heat production (MJ/yr) / coefficient of performance. A. Substitution method
renewable energy
contribution expressed in avoided primary energy avoided primary energy in 2008
Eprim=Qg /\ref -Qin /\e,B:
heat production (GJ/yr) / generating efficiency of reference technology – internal energy consumption of pumps (GJ/yr) / electrical conversion efficiency
delivered to end user
Eprim (GJprim/yr ) = Qg/ 0.9 – (Qg/COP)/0.408 avoided CO2emissions
avoided CO2emissions in 2008
]net = Eprim*egasCO2
Eprim (GJprim/yr) * CO2emissions factor, natural gas burning (kg CO2/GJprim)
(kg CO2/yr) = Eprim (GJprim/yr) *56.1 (kg CO2/GJprim)
A. Example project in 2008 P 5.5 kWth COP 30 MJ/MJ Qg= P*Vh*3.6 5.5 (kWth)* 5000 (hr/yr) *3.6 (MJ /kW) = 99,000 MJ renewable energy contribution expressed in avoided primary energy
Eprim= Qg/ \ref - Qin /\e,B:
99 (GJ) / 0.9 – [99 (GJ) / 30] / 0.408 = 101.9 GJ
avoided CO2emissions ]net = Eprim*egasCO2 101.9 GJ* 56.1 kg CO2/GJ = 5,740 kg CO2= 5.7 ton CO2