Crecimiento del microorganismo

57# Riant, 'L'lglise da Bethl4em', p.659# Nakielski, Le saora antiquitate estatu Ordinie Cenonici. pp.186-88.

pressure from the bishops, the pope In 115& restricted the exemption of Cisterciens to novel lands and later compelled them to control or prohibit the acquisition of nee lands. In 1215 the Lateran Council granted them exemption from tithes on the property they already owned,

but declared that any land acquired In future was to be tithed accord- ing to the Council's general decrees.^

At all times, however, tithing privileges were subject to private negotiation between a local bishop and a monastery. Although Josaphat was freed from paying tithes on its demesne land in 1113, Archbishop Lvremar of Caesarea in 1126 granted the monks only half the tithes of their demesne in the casal of Calgala snd in the territory of Haifa. And when the abbey of Jubln joined the Cistercian Order In 1214 the monks made a special agreement with the patriarch of Antioch, who would otherwise have lost muoh of his existing revenue from this house. The monks agreed to render to the church of Antioch half the tithes of all their property which had previously been tlthable# they would give two^birds of the tithes from demesne land received in future, but this would not cover woods which were not Integral parts of casalia and ATsstinae. for which they would pay half tithes; they were to continue to pay tithes on all vineyards which they bad already planted themselves end on gardens, fisheries and mills which had previously been tithed. But If they planted vineyards in future they would pay two-thirds of the tithe, since those lands would be novalia»^**

58. L.J. Leksi, The White Mm&ks. pp.212-13.

59. Acta tont, nom. Ined. ii, no.245; Aaiw, Reg. fol. no.209; Chartes de Terre Mainte, no.28; Richard, 'L'abbaye de Jubin', pp.66-^7.

CHAPYiua FOUB

THE MOMASTIC GOMMUNiTY

Chronloles from the oruseder state# are, save in a fee oases, silent about the men and vonsn who served at the Holy Places and in the absence of biographies, hagiographies, letters snd religious treatises, their personalities are obscure. Personal touches are rare indeed, although a notable exception is the lively account of the discovery of the bones of the Patriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob and their wives by the canons of Hebron.^* In spite of these limitations, however, we are still able to piece together information about the origins, identities snd careers of some of the regular clergy.

The Europeans who formed a small ruling class in the East after the First Crusade had sprung from many nations and from every social station. A new aristocracy of fief-holders arose in which formerly obscure or humble families might come to prominence. At the same time, throughout the two centuries of Latin rule, there was a constant flow of newcomers from the best who had an impact on both the religious and secular life of the Franks in the Last. The origins of the regular clergy who came to serve in Latin churches can sometimes be diseemed. When the shrines were first delivered into the hands of Latin Christians they were staffed immediately by the olerka who had accompanied the armies or who came to the Holy Land in the wake of its success, «illiam

of Tyro reported that it vae olerka from Godfrey of Bouillon's own ooumtry asked the Duke for the ehureh of St Mary of Josaphat and formed its first Latin community there. Their first abbot, Baldwin, was said by another chronicler to have been the Duhds oompatriot, who was to aooompany him in his expedition to Caesarea and to become the city's first archbishop in 1101.^* At the time of the First Crusade, Aehard, the first prior of the Temple of Our Lord, had been a hermit at

Arrouaiee, and subsequently archdeacon of Thérouannes, before coming to the Holy Land at an unknown date. It has been suggested that he may have accompanied the papal legate to the 1100 council of Jerusalem, but if Aehard was the dean of the Holy Sepulchre involved in the negotiations for ths elevation of Bethlehem to an episcopal see, he must have been in the East some years before that.^* Gerard, the abbot of the church of All Saints at Mohaffhausen, left his abbey with the permission of Pope Urban II to join the First Crusade snd became treasurer of the Holy Sepulchre, appearing at the king's side in battle in 1101 in charge of the relic of the True Cross. Ahen the chapter of the Holy Sepulchre was regularised he became its first prior.**

The prestige of the Palestinian shrines and their new accessibility after 1099 attracted more clergy from Europe. Some who originally came as pilgrims decided to remain and joined a convent; others came with

2. billiam of Tyre, pp.376-77,423; Guibert of Kogent, pp. 182-83; Albert of Aix, p.5)0; 'Versus de Viris illustribus dioeesis

Tarvansneis in sacra fuere expeditions', ools«539**40.

3. 'Vita Joannis Episeopi Tervaoeneis Auct. bait ere Arehidiacono', pp.1143-44; 'Versus de Viris illustribus dioeesis Tarvaneosis in sacra fuere expeditions', cols.539-40. See alao 'Poème sur le templum demini', pp.564-65 and above p.23

.

4. 'Monaohus Jcaphussnsis', p. 3371 'Bertboldi Lwif ml tenais Chronioon', p. 108; 'Bemoldi Chronioon', p.467; Ekkehard of Aura, 'Hierosoly- mita', p.35; Albert of Aix, p.5^1 Cart. nos.25,28.

the intention of entering e aoneetery. ^ e n when e generation of Pranke born in Syria arose, clergy continued to arrive directly from Europe. Aoalrio, the first abbot of the remonstratsnaian house of S3 Joseph and Habakkuk, had already had an eminent career. He had been the first provost of the nee foundation of Gratiae Dei at Gottesgnsden and had come to France with Archbishop Norbert of

Magdeburg, the founder of the Frenonstratensian Order. He became the second abbot of Floreffe. At the request of Pope Innocent IX (1130- 1143} he came to the Holy Land and there established the abbey of S3 Joseph and Habakkuk.^* tllliam, the second prior of the Holy

sepulchre, was an Englishman and his three suocessors, another tillism, Peter and Amalric, were from Malines in Flanders, Barcelona and Hesles

in l'Yanoe respectively. Fulcher, a canon of the Holy Sepulchre who beoame archbishop of Tyre, came from Angouleme from the house of Celles.*' Frederick, a canon of the Temple of Our Lord, was from

Lorraine, the son of Count Henry of La Roche an Ardennes snd the brothes^ in-law of Lord Nicolas of Avesnes, and had been archdeacon of St Lambert of Liege.^* Similarly the names of many canons and monks indicate their European origin. A glance at the list of those who served in the

Holy Sepulchre at one time or another shows that they came from many nations, although Frenchmen are perhaps the most numerous# nadulphus Farisiacensis, tillelmus Kormannus, Johannes Pisanus, Hobertus

Arthasisnsis, Lambertus Flandrensis, Johannes Fietmvensis, »illelmus de 5. '^'undatio Monasterii Gratiae Dei*, pp#68d-69; *Le "Catalogue

Abbatum Floreffiensium"', p.233# Backmund, Monasticon Premonstra* tense i, p.397.

6. tilliam of Tyre, pp.591-92,598,621-22,734,054.

Tspsnia, Bartrandus da Podio, Patrua Bithurioanaia, RalaaXdua da loahla, Patrus da Boloaiaasla, Guillauaa Poitevin, Pierre Xe Oaeoon, Petrus Barehinonsis.

In a number of eases clerks came from the nee nobility. A notable example is elduin, the third abbot of 3t Mary of the Valley of Josaphat who had served in the churoh of St Martin dee Champs and beosme prior of the Cluniao house of Luroy-Le Bourg. He reeeived permission from Abbot Pons of Cluny (1109-1122) to go to the %)ly Land. He vas the fourth son of Hugh I of Le puiset sad a first oousin of King Baldwin II of Jerusalem, related to other prominent members of the looal baronage.

His fmsily oonnections, as we have seen, were of the first importanoe o

in seeuring endowment for his abbey. * In 1104 the repudiated Armenian wife of King Baldwin I was put into the convent of St Anne, though her stay thsre was very brief.*' Yvette, the youngest daughter of Baldwin II, took the veil at that abbey and was no doubt one of the nuns trans­ planted to the new convent at 3t Lasarus, where she soon became abbess. As head of this privileged royal foundation and the sister of Queen Melisende snd aunt of Baldwin III, she had some influence. In 11)8 she and her niece, the Countess Sibylla of Flanders, intervened in the

election of a new patriarch to secure the appointment of Prior Amalric of the Holy Sepulchre. Sibylla herself, the daughter of King Fulk, had aooompanied her husband, Thierry of Flanders, on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1157» lodging at Bethany with Abbess Yvette, her step­ mother's sister. In spite of the protests of her imsband, the king and

8. 'Tractatus de deliquiis S.Stephsni', pp.317-20. See also La Monte, 'The Lords of Le Puiset on the Crusades', pp. 109*10.

the pmtrimroh, eh# refused to return to F lenders snd remeined st 3t Lsssrus' ss « nun. It has been seen that she and Yvette exerted improper influence on the election of a patriarch. According to the chronicler jpnoul, she led sucRL a holy life that the abbess begged her to take her place so that she herself eight live as an ordinary nun, but Libylla refused. One French souroe stated that she began to minister personally to the sick and poor. She died in 1165. Yvette remained as abbess of St Lasarus until her death. Her great-nieoe

Sibylla, the sister of King Baldwin XV and the future queen of Jerusalem, was raised in the convent in her oare.^^* otephanie, the abbess of St Mary Major, was the daughter of the elder Josoelin of Edessa, who, when very old, supplied Archbishop William of Tyre with the details of the consanguin sous marriage of king Amalric and Agnes of Courtenay.

The wife of Renier de Brus, the lord of Benyas, repudiated because of her adultery, took the veil at an unnamed convent in Jerusalem. ^ ^ * Biographical details of other regulars are not as abundant as in the cases just mentioned, but there are still clues to their relationship with local personalities. Stephen, a canon of Mount Sion, was a kins­ man of Reginald of Chatillon, a new arrival from Europe; Abbot Roger of the Temple of Dur Lord was said to be the son of a certain Hoard.

This man was not identifisd, but he was evidently immediately recognisable to oontemporaries and may have been the Hoard who was castellan of

Jerusalem at various times, said to be the brother of Balian of Jaffa.^^' 10. William of Tyre, pp.8)4,1006; Ermoul, pp.21-22; *kx Chrcnioo

Hithisnsi 2.Bertini', p.471; Auotario Aquieinotino*, p.278. 11. Ailllam of Tyre, pp.634,888-89.