Efecto de una mayor temperatura en la detoxificación

benefactor died they would feed another thirteen and would continue to give food to one person for the next thirteen deye. Maae would be aaid for thirteen daye following the death and the annivereary would be commemorated thereafter. A weekly maee would aleo be held thereafter for the aoula of the living and another for the dead and for the aoula of all oonfratree and benefaotora. The firat benefmotor# of the confraternity included Baldwin I, Biehop Bernard of Naaareth, William de Burea, Guy de Milly, Joscelin of Tiberiaa and Lord Balian, each of whom gave the hoapioe thirteen beaanta a year. These men were

in fact particularly generous to both the church and its hospice. In 1115 Bishop Bernard granted the tithe of two casalia and the bishop's share of the tithes from any of the abbey's possessions in the diocese of Kasareth and in 1121 added the church of Legio to his original gift. Killian de riures gave the oasal of Jerras and houses in Jerusalem, as well ss a hospice that he had built himself in Tiberias, on condition that the present custodian Amalrio should remain in charge during his

The running of hospices to give shelter and medical care was a routine part of monastic life, although we possess only this slight evidence for the monasteries in the Holy Land. There is, however, a curious reference in a French chronicle recording the visit of the Countess Sibylla of Flanders to Jerusalem and her decision to take the veil, which stated that inf intis et pauperibus in Ecclesia Monialium

s,U »M l

s.Joluwnl>

m im i.trw . oow l*.^*

4. Chart.» a» T*rr# no..),9,11,19; Aaloo, Rog. toi, no.177. See also Johns, 'The Abbey of St iUry in the Valley of Jehosaphat', P.123#

This is of intsrset in sasooisting tbs Hospital with St John ths Almonsr rathsr than St John ths Baptist.^* But it also impliss a oonnsotion bstwesn ths convent of St Lasarus and the Hospital whioh did not exist at this date and it may be that the ohxoniolsr assumed that all medical activities in Jerusalem were carried out under the aegis of the Hospital.

ti. i W l W o u , ootrioou for th. Utto BowOntion.

For both ecclesiastics and laymen much of a mwastery's worth lay in the spiritual services it rendered. It has already been seen that most lands were granted to churches in elemosinam. so that in return they performed only the servi oe of saying masses for the soul of the donor and his fsmily.^* This gave an added purpose to the round of masses snd prayers offered daily in the church.

Monasteries might also give burial to laymen and to clergy who did not necessarily belong to the actual convent. This was of mutual benefit, for while the dead reoeived burial in particularly sanctified ground, the church received the financial proceeds from burial and gifts from the man or his family. The Holy Sepulchre contained the tombs of Duke Godfrey and the Kings of Jerusalem, situated below Calvary, and at Josaphat were buried the queens of Jerusalem, among them Baldwin I's wife Mary and ^een Melisende, whose tomb is in a stone crypt to the right of the steps leading down to the tomb of the Virgin. Also buried at Joeaphat were Gamer of Grays, Ikdie Godfrey's kinsman and companion.

6. Rilsy-Gmith, Anights_Pf Lt JohÉ» p#35# 7. See above pp.89-90.

a young nobleman called Arnold of Audenarde, a kinsman of the countess of Hainaultf Princess Constance of Antioch and her children, Reginald and Philippa. In 3t Mary of the Latins were the tombs of the lords of Caesarea. In 1169 the bishop-elect of Palermo, Stephen, 1^ had been exiled from the iCingdom of Sicily, was buried in the Temple of Our Lord, as was Archbishop Frederick of Tyre, once a canon of that church, in 1173# In 1152 the abbot of Mount Thabor agreed to receive Hugh of Bethsan and his heirs for burial. Ths abbey of St Paul in Antioch

o held the tombs of several German noblemen. * 2. Duties outside the convent.

Ths influence of the Holy See over the monastic communities of Palestine and Syria became increasingly obvious in the thirteenth century. It was to the papacy that churches had recourse in their legal disputes and over questions of ecclesiastical jurisdiction. The pope intervened more and more frequently in the affairs of the chapter, ordering the correction of lax communities, regulating the numbers of personnel snd their maintenance, giving decisions on disputed episcopal and abbatial elections that were destroying the peace and good order of monastic houses, or himself appointing to vacant posts. Most signifi­ cant was the extension of papal jurisdiction over local law suits. In the twelfth century appeals and cases were increasingly carried in the first instance to the Holy See rather than to the local diooesan courts.

8. Albert of Aix, pp.521,625,7091 William of Tyre, pp.702,877,944-45, 1010; Afflico, Rag. fol. noe.204,284; Cod, diplom. i, no.162;

'Chartes du Mont Thabor*, no.11; Fercéorinatores medii aeb'i quattupr. p.173.

Tbs pops#, partioulsrly Alsxsndsr XIX, were eonotsntXy «trsngtaeolng their right to entertain oases in the first instance by legislation.

The popularity of this system placed heavy pressure on the curia, which was relieved by the delegation of suits to local ecclesiastics for hearing and termination. These ecclesiastics were at first bishops, but by ths 1180s delegation had penetrated the lower ranks of the clergy and regular clerks were being appointed as judgee-delegate. In the

Holy Land, as elsewhere, the instruments of papal justice were legates nati and a latere and local clerics, but it seems that regulars were used lesa frequently than bishops or the secular clergy. This may be explained by the fact that secular cathedral chapt#as outnumbered

regulars and by the general decline of monastic clergy in the thirteenth century.

By the thirteenth oenti&ry it was apparently usual for the plaintiff to say whom he wished to have appointed as judgee-delegate to his case.** %ith this in mind a number of points can be made about the choice of

judges. To some degree geography must have been important, though this is not always immediately clear. In 1238, for example, the abbot of Belmont was among clerks delegated to investigate the disputed

election to the see of Bethlehem. In 1246 the abbot of the same house was ordered to put a papal provision to Bethlehem into effect. But, as we have seen, the convent of Bethlehem may have been resident at Mont Pelerin in the thirteenth eentury.^^* Certain clerks appear to

have been popular choices, in particular the abbots of St Samuel and Belmont. In the pontificate of Gregory XX the abbot of St Samuel was

9. J.S. Juda## to p«ot1iw ot q w r t w b w 119^-1854. pp.9-11,110.